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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
| x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 |
OR
| ¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO |
Commission File Number: 001-33551
The Blackstone Group L.P.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 20-8875684 | |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
345 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10154
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(212) 583-5000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class |
Name of each exchange on which registered | |
| Common units representing limited partner interests | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer x |
Accelerated filer ¨ | |
| Non-accelerated filer ¨ (do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Smaller reporting company ¨ |
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of the common units of the Registrant held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2013 was approximately $11,558.3 million, which includes non-voting common units with a value of approximately $2,086.7 million.
The number of the Registrant’s voting common units representing limited partner interests outstanding as of February 21, 2014 was 500,887,343. The number of the Registrant’s non-voting common units representing limited partner interests outstanding as of February 21, 2014 was 77,144,845.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
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Forward-Looking Statements
This report may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 which reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, our operations and financial performance. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe these factors include but are not limited to those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this report, as such factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which are accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this report and in our other periodic filings. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
Website and Social Media Disclosure
We use our website (www.blackstone.com), our corporate Facebook page (www.facebook.com/blackstone) and our corporate Twitter account (@Blackstone) as channels of distribution of company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, you may automatically receive e-mail alerts and other information about Blackstone when you enroll your e-mail address by visiting the “E-mail Alerts” section of our website at http://ir.blackstone.com/alerts.cfm?. The contents of our website and social media channels are not, however, a part of this report.
In this report, references to “Blackstone,” the “Partnership”, “we,” “us” or “our” refer to The Blackstone Group L.P. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this report to the ownership of Mr. Stephen A. Schwarzman, our founder, and other Blackstone personnel include the ownership of personal planning vehicles and family members of these individuals.
“Blackstone Funds,” “our funds” and “our investment funds” refer to the private equity funds, real estate funds, funds of hedge funds, credit-focused funds, collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) and collateralized debt obligation (“CDO”) vehicles, real estate investment trusts and registered investment companies that are managed by Blackstone. “Our carry funds” refer to the private equity funds, real estate funds and certain of the credit-focused funds (with multi-year drawdown, commitment-based structures that only pay carry on the realization of an investment) that are managed by Blackstone. Blackstone’s Private Equity segment comprises its management of corporate private equity funds (including our sector and regional focused funds), which we refer to collectively as our Blackstone Capital Partners (“BCP”) funds, certain multi-asset class investment funds which we collectively refer to as our Blackstone Tactical Opportunities Accounts (“Tactical Opportunities”), and Strategic Partners Fund Solutions (“Strategic Partners”), a secondary private fund of funds business. We refer to our real estate opportunistic funds as our Blackstone Real Estate Partners (“BREP”) funds and our real estate debt investment funds as our Blackstone Real Estate Debt Strategies (“BREDS”) funds. We refer to our listed real estate investment trusts as “REITs”. “Our hedge funds” refer to our funds of hedge funds, certain of our real estate debt investment funds and certain other credit-focused funds, which are managed by Blackstone.
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“Assets under management” refers to the assets we manage. Our Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | the fair value of the investments held by our carry funds and our side-by-side and co-investment entities managed by us, plus the capital that we are entitled to call from investors in those funds and entities pursuant to the terms of their respective capital commitments, including capital commitments to funds that have yet to commence their investment periods, |
| (b) | the net asset value of our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds and certain registered investment companies, |
| (c) | the fair value of assets we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
| (d) | the amount of debt and equity outstanding for our CLOs and CDOs during the reinvestment period, |
| (e) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, for our CLOs and CDOs after the reinvestment period, |
| (f) | the gross amount of assets (including leverage) for certain of our credit-focused registered investment companies, and |
| (g) | the fair value of common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt, or similar instruments issued by our public REIT. |
Our carry funds are commitment-based drawdown structured funds that do not permit investors to redeem their interests at their election. Our funds of hedge funds and hedge funds generally have structures that afford an investor the right to withdraw or redeem their interests on a periodic basis (for example, annually or quarterly), in most cases upon advance written notice, with the majority of our funds requiring from 60 days up to 95 days’ notice, depending on the fund and the liquidity profile of the underlying assets. Investment advisory agreements related to separately managed accounts may generally be terminated by an investor on 30 to 90 days’ notice.
“Fee-earning assets under management” refers to the assets we manage on which we derive management and/or performance fees. Our Fee-Earning Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | for our Private Equity segment funds and Real Estate segment carry funds including certain real estate debt investment funds and certain of our Hedge Fund Solutions funds, the amount of capital commitments, remaining invested capital, fair value or par value of assets held, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
| (b) | for our credit-focused carry funds, the amount of remaining invested capital (which may include leverage) or net asset value, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
| (c) | the remaining invested capital of co-investments managed by us on which we receive fees, |
| (d) | the net asset value of our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds and certain registered investment companies, |
| (e) | the fair value of assets we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
| (f) | the net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated core earnings of our REITs, subject to certain adjustments, |
| (g) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, of our CLOs and CDOs, and |
| (h) | the gross amount of assets (including leverage) for certain of our credit-focused registered investment companies. |
Our calculations of assets under management and fee-earning assets under management may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result this measure may not be comparable to similar measures
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presented by other asset managers. In addition, our calculation of assets under management includes commitments to, and the fair value of, invested capital in our funds from Blackstone and our personnel, regardless of whether such commitments or invested capital are subject to fees. Our definitions of assets under management or fee-earning assets under management are not based on any definition of assets under management or fee-earning assets under management that is set forth in the agreements governing the investment funds that we manage.
For our carry funds, total assets under management includes the fair value of the investments held, whereas fee-earning assets under management includes the amount of capital commitments, the remaining amount of invested capital at cost depending on whether the investment period has or has not expired or the fee terms of the fund. As such, fee-earning assets under management may be greater than total assets under management when the aggregate fair value of the remaining investments is less than the cost of those investments.
This report does not constitute an offer of any Blackstone Fund.
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PART I.
| ITEM 1. | BUSINESS |
Overview
Blackstone is a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services, with Total Assets Under Management of $265.8 billion as of December 31, 2013. As stewards of public funds, we look to drive outstanding results for our investors and clients by deploying capital and ideas to help businesses succeed and grow. Our alternative asset management businesses include investment vehicles focused on private equity, real estate, hedge fund solutions, non-investment grade credit, secondary funds and multi-asset class exposures falling outside of other funds’ mandates. We also provide a wide range of financial advisory services, including financial and strategic advisory, restructuring and reorganization advisory, capital markets and fund placement services.
All of Blackstone’s businesses use a solutions oriented approach to drive better performance. Since we were founded in 1985, we have cultivated strong relationships with clients in our financial advisory business, where we endeavor to provide objective and insightful solutions and advice that our clients can trust. We believe our scaled, diversified businesses, coupled with our long track record of investment performance, proven investment approach and strong client relationships, position us to continue to perform well in a variety of market conditions, expand our assets under management and add complementary businesses.
Two of our primary limited partner constituencies are corporate and public pension funds. As a result, to the extent our funds perform well, it supports a better retirement for hundreds of thousands of pensioners.
In addition, because we are a global firm with a footprint on nearly every continent, our investments can make a difference around the world. We are committed to making our family of companies stronger in ways that can have transformative impacts on local economies.
As of December 31, 2013, we had 129 senior managing directors and employed approximately 840 other investment and advisory professionals at our headquarters in New York and in 23 other cities around the world. We believe hiring, training and retaining talented individuals coupled with our rigorous investment process has supported our excellent investment record over many years. This track record in turn has allowed us to successfully and repeatedly raise additional assets from an increasingly wide variety of sophisticated investors.
2013 Highlights
Accelerating Realization Activity
| • | More constructive market backdrop has allowed for increasing exit activity for more seasoned investments, with total realizations rising to nearly $30 billion, up from $13 billion in 2012. |
| • | Active participation in improving equity capital markets, including the successful initial public offerings of SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, Merlin Entertainments, Pinnacle Foods, Hilton, Extended Stay and Brixmor. |
Record Global Investment Pace
| • | Our funds, including co-investments, invested or committed $19.6 billion of capital. |
| • | Global scale and diversity across asset classes allow Blackstone to identify relative value and move capital to the most attractive opportunities. For the first time, nearly half of capital deployed during the year was outside of North America. Real Estate continued its strong pace with $11.6 billion deployed or committed, followed by Private Equity at $5.0 billion. |
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Continued Double-Digit Total Assets Under Management Growth
| • | Double-digit Total Assets Under Management growth across all investing businesses—Private Equity, Real Estate, Hedge Fund Solutions and Credit—due to significant inflows and market appreciation. |
| • | Gross organic capital inflows of over $50 billion across our businesses, or over $60 billion including acquisitions. |
| • | Hedge Fund Solutions external gross inflows of $9.1 billion, including inflows from BAAM’s permanent capital vehicle acquiring general partner interests in hedge funds (initial close of $1.1 billion) as well as BAAM’s first alternative investment-focused 1940 Act mutual fund for the retail market. |
| • | Tactical Opportunities closed on an additional $3.4 billion in the year, bringing total commitments to $5.1 billion. |
| • | Initial close of $688 million for our latest Strategic Partners secondary fund of funds. |
| • | In Real Estate, our first Asian real estate fund grew to $3.2 billion, while our fourth European fund reached $5.6 billion in total commitments, both approaching their caps of $5.0 billion and $6.9 billion, respectively. In addition, BREDS II raised $3.3 billion. |
| • | Credit continued to diversify the platform and launch new products, driving $18.8 billion in gross inflows during the year. |
Strategic Acquisitions
| • | In August 2013, we completed our acquisition of Strategic Partners Fund Solutions, a secondary private fund of funds business, adding $9.4 billion to Total Assets Under Management. |
Industry-Leading Credit Rating
| • | On December 11, 2013, S&P upgraded Blackstone’s rating to A+, matching Fitch’s rating, making Blackstone the highest rated alternative asset manager and one of the highest rated global financial services firms. |
| • | Strong balance sheet with no net debt, $2.1 billion in total cash, corporate treasury and liquid investments, and $1.1 billion undrawn revolver. |
Positively Impacting Communities
| • | In support of the White House’s Joining Forces initiative, we launched the Blackstone Veterans Hiring Initiative, committing to hire 50,000 veterans across our portfolio of companies over a five year period and hosting our inaugural Veterans Hiring Summit. The Blackstone Charitable Foundation supported this initiative with an announced Request for Proposal for grants targeting organizations that focus on veterans’ employment and business development; 8,000 veterans have been hired since the initiative was announced in April 2013. |
| • | The Blackstone Charitable Foundation continued to innovate projects and partnered with organizations aimed at accelerating entrepreneurship, job growth and economic activity as part of its $50 million Entrepreneurship Initiative. |
Business Segments
Our five business segments are: (a) Private Equity, (b) Real Estate, (c) Hedge Fund Solutions, (d) Credit, and (e) Financial Advisory.
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Information about our business segments should be read together with “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the historical financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Private Equity
Our Private Equity segment, established in 1987, is a global business with approximately 200 investment professionals managing $65.7 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2013. We are focused on identifying, managing and creating lasting value for our investors. Our Private Equity segment includes our corporate private equity funds, our Tactical Opportunities business, which pursues a global multi-asset class approach to investing in illiquid assets focused on timely opportunities that fall outside our other alternative fund strategies, as well as Strategic Partners, our secondary private fund of funds business acquired on August 5, 2013. We have raised six general private equity funds as well as two specialized funds focusing on energy and communications-related investments. We are currently investing from our sixth general private equity fund, Blackstone Capital Partners VI (“BCP VI”) and our energy fund, Blackstone Energy Partners (“BEP”), which have fund sizes of $15.2 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. In addition, we are investing capital for Tactical Opportunities which, as of December 31, 2013, had raised $5.1 billion of capital, and raising capital for our latest Strategic Partners vehicle. From an operation focused in our early years on consummating leveraged buyout acquisitions of U.S. based companies, we have grown into a business pursuing transactions throughout the world and executing not only typical leveraged buyout acquisitions of seasoned companies but also transactions involving growth equity or start-up businesses in established industries, minority investments, corporate partnerships, distressed debt, structured securities and industry consolidations, in all cases in strictly friendly transactions. Our Private Equity segment’s multi-dimensional investment approach is guided by several core investment principles: corporate partnerships, sector expertise, a contrarian bias (for example, investing in out-of-favor / under-appreciated industries), global scope, distressed securities investing, significant number of exclusive opportunities, superior financing expertise, operations oversight and a strong focus on value creation. Our existing corporate private equity funds invest primarily in control-oriented, privately negotiated investments and generally utilize leverage in consummating the investments they make. For more information concerning the revenues and fees we derive from our Private Equity segment, see “—Incentive Arrangements / Fee Structure” in this Item 1.
Real Estate
We have become a world leader in real estate investing since launching our first real estate fund in 1994 and, with our approximately 190 investment professionals, manage $79.4 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2013. We have managed or continue to manage seven global opportunistic real estate funds, four European focused opportunistic real estate funds, an Asian focused opportunistic real estate fund, a number of real estate debt investment funds, CDOs, a publicly traded REIT (“BXMT”) and an acquired Asian real estate platform. Our real estate opportunity funds are diversified geographically and have made significant investments in lodging, major urban office buildings, shopping centers, residential and a variety of real estate operating companies. Our debt investment funds target high yield real estate debt related investment opportunities in the public and private markets, primarily in the United States and Europe. We refer to our real estate opportunistic funds as our BREP funds and our real estate debt investment funds as our BREDS funds. Our Real Estate segment’s investing approach is guided by several core investment principles, many of which are similar to our Private Equity segment, including global scope, a significant number of exclusive opportunities, superior financing expertise, operations oversight and a strong focus on value creation. For more information concerning the revenues and fees we derive from our Real Estate segment, see “—Incentive Arrangements / Fee Structure” in this Item 1.
Hedge Fund Solutions
Our Hedge Fund Solutions group, which is comprised primarily of Blackstone Alternative Asset Management (“BAAM”), was organized in 1990 and manages a broad range of commingled funds of hedge
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funds and customized vehicles. BAAM’s businesses also include hedge fund seed, long-only, special situations and advisory platforms. BAAM also has launched a public funds platform. Working with our clients over the past 23 years, BAAM has developed into a leading manager of institutional funds of hedge funds with approximately 130 investment professionals managing $55.7 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2013. BAAM’s overall investment philosophy is to protect and grow investors’ assets through both commingled and custom-tailored investment strategies designed to deliver compelling risk-adjusted returns and mitigate risk. Diversification, risk management, due diligence and a focus on downside protection are key tenets of our approach. For more information concerning the revenues and fees we derive from our Hedge Fund Solutions segment, see “—Incentive Arrangements / Fee Structure” in this Item 1.
Credit
Our credit business, comprised principally of GSO Capital Partners LP (“GSO”), with $65.0 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2013 and approximately 130 investment professionals, is a leading participant in the leveraged finance markets. The funds we manage or sub-advise include senior credit-focused funds, distressed debt funds, mezzanine funds and general credit-focused funds concentrated in the leveraged finance marketplace. GSO also manages separately managed accounts and registered investment companies including business development companies. These vehicles have investment portfolios comprised of loans and securities spread across the capital structure, including senior debt, subordinated debt, preferred stock and common equity. GSO may utilize leverage in connection with the investments that the credit-focused funds, separately managed accounts or registered investment companies make. GSO manages 55 separate CLOs as of December 31, 2013, focused primarily on senior secured debt issued by a diverse universe of non-investment grade companies.
Financial Advisory
Our Financial Advisory segment comprises our financial and strategic advisory services, restructuring and reorganization advisory services, capital markets services and Park Hill Group, which provides fund placement services for alternative investment funds. Our financial advisory businesses are global businesses with approximately 260 professionals around the world.
Financial and Strategic Advisory Services (“Blackstone Advisory Partners”). Blackstone Advisory Partners has been an independent provider of creative solutions to institutional clients around the globe on complex strategic initiatives for over 25 years. We focus on a wide range of transaction execution capabilities, such as with respect to acquisitions, mergers, joint ventures, minority investments, asset swaps, divestitures, takeover defenses, corporate finance advisory, private placements and distressed sales. Recent clients include Advance Auto Parts, Aviva plc, Brightpoint, Deutsche Annington, DONG Energy, Georgia-Pacific, J.C. Penney, Los Angeles Dodgers, Noble Group, NYSE Euronext, W.R. Grace and Xerox. The success of Blackstone Advisory Partners has resulted from a highly experienced team focused on our core principles, including protecting client confidentiality, prioritizing our client’s interests, avoidance of conflicts and senior-level attention. The 22 senior managing directors in Blackstone Advisory Partners have an average of over 20 years of experience each in providing corporate finance and mergers and acquisitions advice. Through Blackstone Advisory Partners, we also provide capital markets services, primarily underwriting securities offerings. Recent transactions in which we have participated include the initial public offerings for Brixmor, Extended Stay and Pinnacle Foods, the initial public offering and secondary offering for SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, and the initial public offering and debt refinancing for Hilton.
Restructuring and Reorganization Advisory Services (“Restructuring and Reorganization”). Our Restructuring and Reorganization group is one of the leading advisers in both out-of-court restructurings and in-court bankruptcies. Our Restructuring and Reorganization team advises companies, creditors, corporate parents, hedge funds, financial sponsors and acquirers of troubled companies. This group is particularly active in large, complex and high-profile deals. Recent clients include Ambac Financial Group, BGP Investment, Clearwire,
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Dana Gas, Enterprise, J.C. Penney, Kodak creditors, MBIA Corp., Patriot Coal, Travelport and W.R. Grace. Senior-level attention, out-of-court focus, global emphasis and the ability to facilitate prompt, creative resolutions are critical ingredients in our restructuring and reorganization advisory approach. We have one of the most seasoned and experienced restructuring teams in the financial services industry, working on a significant share of the major restructuring assignments in this area. Our five senior managing directors have an average of 22 years of experience each in restructuring assignments and employ the skills we feel are crucial to successful restructuring outcomes.
Fund Placement Services/Park Hill Group. Park Hill Group provides fund placement services for private equity funds, real estate funds, venture capital funds and hedge funds. Park Hill Group primarily provides placement services to unrelated third party sponsored funds. It also assists in raising capital for our own investment funds and provides insights into new alternative asset products and trends. Park Hill Group and our investment funds mutually benefit from the other’s relationships with both limited partners and other fund sponsors.
Financial and Other Information by Segment
Financial and other information by segment for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 is set forth in Note 21. “Segment Reporting” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this filing.
Pátria Investments
On October 1, 2010, we purchased a 40% equity interest in Pátria Investments Limited and Pátria Investimentos Ltda. (collectively, “Pátria”). Pátria is a leading Brazilian alternative asset manager and advisory firm that was founded in 1988. As of December 31, 2013, Pátria’s alternative asset management businesses managed $6.4 billion in assets and include the management of private equity funds ($2.5 billion), real estate funds ($1.2 billion), infrastructure funds ($2.3 billion) and hedge funds ($456.8 million). Pátria has approximately 200 employees and is led by a group of four managing partners. Our investment in Pátria is a minority, non-controlling investment, which we record using the equity method of accounting. We have representatives on Pátria’s board of directors in proportion to our ownership, but we do not control the day-to-day management of the firm or the investment decisions of their funds, all of which continues to reside with the local Brazilian partners.
Pátria is currently investing its fourth private equity fund, which has $1.3 billion of commitments. Pátria’s private equity business primarily targets high-growth industries in Brazil and has successfully built leading companies through its operational focus and platform building approach. Pátria is currently investing its third real estate fund. Its real estate funds have focused primarily on Brazilian real estate development, particularly build-to-suit, sale leaseback and buy-lease transactions. Pátria is also currently pursuing more opportunistic real estate investments within Brazil. Pátria’s infrastructure business is in its third vintage. Its first fund concentrated on renewable energy generation, including early stage projects in Brazil. The second and third infrastructure funds are a joint venture with Promon Engenharia, a leading engineering consultancy firm within Brazil, with a broad mandate for infrastructure and infrastructure-related investments in Brazil and selected other Latin American countries. The firm’s capital management group manages a variety of liquid funds with strategies focused on currency, sovereign debt, credit, interest rates and equities in Brazil. Pátria’s investors are diversified and include Brazilian and international institutional and high-net worth investors.
Pátria’s advisory business focuses on mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships, corporate finance and restructuring for Brazilian and multinational companies. In March 2012, Pátria acquired a 50% stake in Capitale, one of the leading independent power trading companies in Brazil.
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Investment Process and Risk Management
We maintain a rigorous investment process across all of our funds, accounts and other investment vehicles. Each fund, account or other vehicle has investment policies and procedures that generally contain requirements and limitations for investments, such as limitations relating to the amount that will be invested in any one investment and the types of industries or geographic regions in which the fund, account or other vehicle will invest, as well as limitations required by law.
Private Equity Funds
Our Private Equity investment professionals are responsible for selecting, evaluating, structuring, diligencing, negotiating, executing, managing and exiting investments, as well as pursuing operational improvements and value creation. After an initial selection, evaluation and diligence process, the relevant team of investment professionals (i.e., the deal team) will present a proposed transaction at a weekly review committee meeting comprised of senior managing directors of our Private Equity segment. Review committee meetings are led by an executive committee of several senior managing directors of our Private Equity segment. After discussing the contemplated transaction with the deal team, the review committee decides whether to give its preliminary approval to the deal team to continue pursuing the investment opportunity and investigate further any particular issues raised by the review committee during the process.
Once a proposed transaction has reached a more advanced stage, it undergoes a detailed interim review by the review committee of our private equity funds. Following assimilation of the review committee’s input and its decision to proceed with a proposed transaction, the proposed investment is vetted by the investment committee. The investment committee of our private equity funds is composed of Stephen A. Schwarzman, Hamilton E. James and selected senior managing directors of our Private Equity segment as appropriate based on the location and sector of the proposed transaction. The investment committee is responsible for approving all investment decisions made on behalf of our private equity funds. Both the review committee and the investment committee processes involve a consensus approach to decision making among committee members.
The investment professionals of our private equity funds are responsible for monitoring an investment once it is made and for making recommendations with respect to exiting an investment. In addition to members of a deal team and our portfolio operations group, which is responsible for monitoring and assisting in enhancing portfolio companies’ operations and value, all professionals in the Private Equity segment meet several times each year to review the performance of the funds’ portfolio companies.
Our Strategic Partners secondary private equity investment professionals seek capital appreciation through the purchase of secondary interests in mature, high-quality private equity funds from investors seeking liquidity. After rigorous, highly analytical investment and operational due diligence, the Strategic Partners’ investment professionals will present a proposed transaction to the group’s Investment Committee. The Strategic Partners Investment Committee is made up of senior members of the Strategic Partners team, including all of the group’s Senior Managing Directors. The Investment Committee meets on an ad hoc basis as needed to review transactions. After reviewing the investment team’s Investment Committee Memorandum and discussing the contemplated transaction with the deal team, the Investment Committee decides whether to approve or deny the investment. The investment professionals on the Strategic Partners team are responsible for monitoring each investment once it is made. In addition to members of the investment team, and given the large number of underlying investments, the Strategic Partners Finance team will also track investment valuations pursuant to the group’s valuation policies and procedures.
Real Estate Funds
Our Real Estate investment professionals are responsible for selecting, evaluating, structuring, diligencing, negotiating, executing, managing, monitoring and exiting investments, as well as pursuing operational improvements and value creation. Our real estate operation has an investment committee similar to that described
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under “—Private Equity Funds.” After an initial selection, evaluation and diligence process, the relevant team of investment professionals (i.e., the deal team) will present a proposed transaction at a weekly meeting of the investment committee. The real estate investment committee, which includes Mr. Schwarzman, Mr. James and the senior managing directors in the Real Estate segment, scrutinizes potential transactions, provides guidance and instructions at the appropriate stage of each transaction and approves the making and disposition of each BREP fund investment. The committee also approves significant illiquid investments by the BREDS funds. Additionally, BXMT has an investment risk management committee comprised solely of independent directors, which is responsible for approving certain significant BXMT investments. In addition to members of a deal team and our asset management group responsible for monitoring and assisting in enhancing portfolio companies’ operations and value, senior professionals in the Real Estate segment meet several times each year to review the performance of the funds’ portfolio companies and other investments.
Hedge Fund Solutions
Before deciding to invest in a new hedge fund or with a new hedge fund manager, our Hedge Fund Solutions team conducts extensive due diligence, including an on-site “front office” review of the fund’s/manager’s performance, investment terms, investment strategy and investment personnel, a “back office” review of the fund’s/manager’s operations, processes, risk management and internal controls, industry reference checks and a legal review of the investment structures and legal documents. Once initial due diligence procedures are completed and the investment and other professionals are satisfied with the results of the review, the team will present the potential investment to the relevant Hedge Fund Solutions’ Investment Committee. The Investment Committees are comprised of relevant senior managing directors and senior investment personnel. The Hedge Fund Solutions’ Executive Committee reviews and approves all investment allocations where there is limited capacity or there are other unusual circumstances. Existing investments are reviewed and monitored on a regular and continuous basis, and J. Tomilson Hill, CEO of Hedge Fund Solutions and Vice Chairman of Blackstone, and other senior members of our Hedge Fund Solutions team meet bi-weekly with Mr. Schwarzman and Mr. James to review the group’s business and affairs.
Credit
Each of our credit-focused funds has an investment committee similar to that described under “—Private Equity Funds.” The investment committees for the credit-focused funds, which typically include Bennett J. Goodman, J. Albert Smith III and Douglas I. Ostrover and senior members of the respective investment teams associated with each fund, review potential transactions, provide input regarding the scope of due diligence and approve recommended investments and dispositions. These investment committees have delegated certain abilities to approve investments and dispositions to credit committees within each operation which consist of the senior members of the respective investment teams associated with each fund. In addition, senior members of GSO, including Mr. Goodman, Mr. Smith III and Mr. Ostrover, meet regularly with Mr. Schwarzman and Mr. James to discuss investment and risk management activities and market conditions.
The investment decisions for the customized credit long-only clients are made by a separate investment committee, which is comprised of the group’s senior managing directors and managing directors. With limited exceptions where the portfolio managers are looking to capitalize on market opportunities, the investment committee approves all assets prior to the initial investment by any investment vehicle in such asset. The investment team is staffed by professionals within research, portfolio management, trading and capital formation to ensure active management of the portfolios and to afford focus on all aspects of our CLOs and registered investment companies. Investment decisions follow a consensus-based approach and require unanimous approval of the investment committee. Industry-focused research analysts provide the committee with a formal and comprehensive review of any new investment recommendation, while our portfolio managers and trading professionals provide opinions on other technical aspects of the recommendation. Investments are subject to predetermined periodic reviews to assess their continued fit within the funds. Our research team constantly monitors the operating performance of the underlying issuers, while portfolio managers, in concert with our traders, focus on optimizing asset composition to maximize value for our investors.
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Structure and Operation of Our Investment Vehicles
We conduct the sponsorship and management of our carry funds and other similar vehicles primarily through a partnership structure in which limited partnerships organized by us accept commitments and/or funds for investment from institutional investors and (to a limited extent) high-net worth individuals. Such commitments are generally drawn down from investors on an as needed basis to fund investments over a specified term. All of our private equity and private real estate funds are commitment structured funds, except for two of our real estate debt funds which are structured like hedge funds where all of the committed capital is funded on or promptly after the investor’s subscription date and cash proceeds resulting from the disposition of investments can be reused indefinitely for further investment, subject to certain investor withdrawal rights. Our Real Estate business also includes a NYSE listed real estate investment trust and a registered closed-end investment company complex, each of which is externally managed by a BREDS-owned adviser. Our credit-focused funds are generally commitment structured funds or hedge funds where the investor’s capital is fully funded into the fund upon or soon after the subscription for interests in the fund. Eight credit-focused vehicles that we manage or sub-advise in whole or in part are registered investment companies (including business development companies). The CLO vehicles we manage are structured investment vehicles that are generally private companies with limited liability. Most of our funds of hedge funds are structured as funds where the investor’s capital is fully funded into the fund upon the subscription for interests in the fund. Our private investment funds are generally organized as limited partnerships with respect to U.S. domiciled vehicles and limited liability (and other similar) companies with respect to non-U.S. domiciled vehicles. In the case of our separately managed accounts, the investor, rather than us, generally controls the investment vehicle that holds or has custody of the investments we advise the vehicle to make.
Our investment funds, separately managed accounts and other vehicles are generally advised by a Blackstone entity serving as investment adviser that is registered under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or “Advisers Act.” Substantially all of the responsibility for the day-to-day operations of each investment vehicle is typically delegated to the Blackstone entity serving as investment adviser pursuant to an investment advisory (or similar) agreement. Generally, the material terms of our investment advisory agreements relate to the scope of services to be rendered by the investment adviser to the applicable vehicle, the calculation of management fees to be borne by investors in our investment vehicles, the calculation of and the manner and extent to which other fees received by the investment adviser from fund portfolio companies serve to offset or reduce the management fees payable by investors in our investment vehicles and certain rights of termination with respect to our investment advisory agreements. With the exception of the registered funds described below, the investment vehicles themselves do not generally register as investment companies under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, or “1940 Act,” in reliance on Section 3(c)(7) or Section 7(d) thereof or, typically in the case of vehicles formed prior to 1997, Section 3(c)(1) thereof. Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act exempts from its registration requirements investment vehicles privately placed in the United States whose securities are owned exclusively by persons who, at the time of acquisition of such securities, are “qualified purchasers” as defined under the 1940 Act. Section 3(c)(1) of the 1940 Act exempts from its registration requirements privately placed investment vehicles whose securities are beneficially owned by not more than 100 persons. In addition, under current interpretations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Section 7(d) of the 1940 Act exempts from registration any non-U.S. investment vehicle all of whose outstanding securities are beneficially owned either by non-U.S. residents or by U.S. residents that are qualified purchasers. With respect to BXMT, it conducts its operations (i.e., purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other interests in real estate) so that it is not an “investment company” as defined in Section 3(a)(1)(A) or Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act.
In some cases, one or more of our investment advisers, including GSO, BAAM and BREDS advisers, advises or sub-advises funds registered under the 1940 Act.
In addition to having an investment adviser, each investment fund that is a limited partnership, or “partnership” fund, also has a general partner that makes all operational and investment decisions relating to the conduct of the investment fund’s business. Furthermore, all decisions concerning the making, monitoring and
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disposing of investments are made by the general partner. The limited partners of the partnership funds take no part in the conduct or control of the business of the investment funds, have no right or authority to act for or bind the investment funds and have no influence over the voting or disposition of the securities or other assets held by the investment funds. These decisions are made by the investment fund’s general partner in its sole discretion. With the exception of certain of our funds of hedge funds and certain credit-focused funds, third party investors in our funds have the right to remove the general partner of the fund or to accelerate the liquidation date of the investment fund without cause by a simple majority vote. In addition, the governing agreements of our investment funds provide that in the event certain “key persons” in our investment funds do not meet specified time commitments with regard to managing the fund (for example, both of Mr. Schwarzman and Mr. James in the case of certain of our private equity funds), then investors in certain funds have the right to vote to terminate the investment period by a simple majority vote in accordance with specified procedures, accelerate the withdrawal of their capital on an investor-by-investor basis, or the fund’s investment period will automatically terminate and the vote of a simple majority of investors is required to restart it.
Incentive Arrangements / Fee Structure
Management Fees
The investment adviser of each of our carry funds generally receives an annual management fee based upon a percentage of the fund’s capital commitments and/or invested capital during the investment period and the fund’s invested capital or investment fair value after the investment period, except that the investment advisers to certain of our credit-focused carry funds receive an annual management fee that is based upon a percentage of invested capital or net asset value throughout the term of the fund. The investment adviser of each of our funds that are structured like hedge funds, or of our funds of hedge funds and separately managed accounts that invest in hedge funds, generally receives an annual management fee that is based upon a percentage of the fund’s or account’s net asset value. The investment adviser of each of our CLOs and CDOs typically receives annual management fees based upon a percentage of each fund’s total assets, subject to certain performance measures related to the underlying assets the vehicle owns, and additional management fees which are incentive-based (that is, subject to meeting certain return criteria). The investment adviser of our separately managed accounts typically receives annual management fees typically based upon a percentage of each account’s net asset value or invested capital. The investment adviser of each of our credit-focused registered and non-registered investment companies typically receives annual management fees based upon a percentage of each company’s net asset value or total managed assets. The investment adviser of BXMT receives annual management fees based upon a percentage of BXMT’s net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated “core earnings” (which is generally equal to its GAAP net income excluding certain non-cash and other items), subject to certain adjustments. For additional information regarding the management fee rates we receive, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Revenue Recognition—Management and Advisory Fees”.
The management fees we receive from our carry funds are payable on a regular basis (typically quarterly) in the contractually prescribed amounts noted above over the life of the fund and do not depend on the investment performance of the fund. The management fees we receive from our hedge funds have similar characteristics, except that such funds often afford investors increased liquidity through annual, semi-annual or quarterly withdrawal or redemption rights following the expiration of a specified period of time when capital may not be withdrawn (typically between one and three years) and the amount of management fees to which the investment adviser is entitled with respect thereto will proportionately increase as the net asset value of each investor’s capital account grows and will proportionately decrease as the net asset value of each investor’s capital account decreases. The management fees we receive from our separately managed accounts are generally paid on a regular basis (typically quarterly) and may alternatively be based on invested capital or proportionately increase or decrease based on the net asset value of the separately managed account. In each case the management fees we are paid for managing a separately managed account will generally be subject to contractual rights the investor has to terminate our management of an account on as short as 30 days’ prior notice. The management fees we
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receive from the registered investment companies we manage are generally paid on a regular basis (typically quarterly) and proportionately increase or decrease based on the net asset value or gross assets of the investment company. The management fees we are paid for managing the investment company will generally be subject to contractual rights the company’s board of directors (or, in the case of the business development company we manage, the investment adviser) has to terminate our management of an account on as short as 30 days’ prior notice. The management fees we receive from managing BXMT are paid quarterly and proportionately increase or decrease based on, among other things, BXMT’s net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated core earnings (subject to certain adjustments).
Incentive Fees
The general partners or similar entities of each of our hedge fund structures receive performance-based allocation fees (“incentive fees”) of generally 20% of the applicable fund’s net capital appreciation per annum, subject to certain net loss carry-forward provisions (known as a “high water mark”). In some cases, the investment adviser of each of our funds of hedge funds, separately managed accounts that invest in hedge funds and certain registered investment companies is entitled to an incentive fee generally ranging from zero to 15% of the applicable investment vehicle’s net appreciation per annum, subject to a high water mark and in some cases a preferred return. In addition, for the business development companies we sub-advise, we receive incentive fees of 10% of the vehicle’s net appreciation per annum, subject to a preferred return. The investment adviser of BXMT is entitled to an incentive fee, payable quarterly, in an amount, not less than zero, equal to the product of (a) 20% and (b) the excess of (i) its core earnings for the previous 12-month period over (ii) an amount equal to 7.00% per annum multiplied by the net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated core earnings (subject to certain adjustments). Incentive Fees are realized at the end of a measurement period, typically annually. Once realized, such fees are not subject to clawback.
Carried Interest
The general partner or an affiliate of each of our carry funds also receives carried interest from the investment fund. Carried interest entitles the general partner (or an affiliate) to a preferred allocation of income and gains from a fund. Our ability to generate carried interest is an important element of our business and carried interest has historically accounted for a very significant portion of our income.
The carried interest is typically structured as a net profits interest in the applicable fund. In the case of our carry funds, carried interest is calculated on a “realized gain” basis, and each general partner is generally entitled to a carried interest equal to 20% of the net realized income and gains (generally taking into account unrealized losses) generated by such fund, except that the general partners (or affiliates) of certain of our credit-focused funds, real estate debt funds, multi-asset class investment funds and secondary funds of funds are entitled to a carried interest that ranges from 10% to 15% depending on the specific fund. Net realized income or loss is not netted between or among funds.
For most carry funds, the carried interest is subject to an annual preferred limited partner return ranging from 7% to 10%, subject to a catch-up allocation to the general partner. If, at the end of the life of a carry fund (or earlier with respect to our real estate and certain multi-asset class investment funds), as a result of diminished performance of later investments in a carry fund’s life, (a) the general partner receives in excess of 20% (10% to 15% in the case of certain of our credit-focused and real estate debt carry funds, certain of our secondary funds of funds and certain multi-asset class investment funds) of the fund’s net profits over the life of the fund, or (in certain cases) (b) the carry fund has not achieved investment returns that exceed the preferred return threshold, then we will be obligated to repay an amount equal to the carried interest that was previously distributed to us that exceeds the amounts to which we are ultimately entitled. This obligation is known as a “clawback” obligation and is an obligation of any person who directly received such carried interest, including us and our employees who participate in our carried interest plans.
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Although a portion of any distributions by us to our unitholders may include any carried interest received by us, we do not intend to seek fulfillment of any clawback obligation by seeking to have our unitholders return any portion of such distributions attributable to carried interest associated with any clawback obligation. The clawback obligation operates with respect to a given carry fund’s own net investment performance only and performance fees of other funds are not netted for determining this contingent obligation. Moreover, although a clawback obligation is several, the governing agreements of most of our funds provide that to the extent another recipient of carried interest (such as a current or former employee) does not fund his or her respective share, then we and our employees who participate in such carried interest plans may have to fund additional amounts (generally up to an additional 50%) beyond what we actually received in carried interest, although we will retain the right to pursue any remedies that we have under such governing agreements against those carried interest recipients who fail to fund their obligations. We have recorded a contingent repayment obligation equal to the amount that would be due on December 31, 2013, if the various carry funds were liquidated at their current carrying value.
For additional information concerning the clawback obligations we could face, see “—Item 1A. Risk Factors—We may not have sufficient cash to pay back ‘clawback’ obligations if and when they are triggered under the governing agreements with our investors.”
Advisory Fees
Many of our investment advisers, especially private equity and real estate advisers, receive customary fees (for example, acquisition fees or origination fees) upon consummation of many of the funds’ transactions, receive monitoring fees from many of the funds’ portfolio companies for continued advice from the investment adviser, and may from time to time receive disposition and other fees in connection with their activities. The acquisition fees that they receive are generally calculated as a percentage (that generally can range up to 1%) of the total enterprise value of the acquired entity. Most of our carry funds are required to reduce the management fees charged to their limited partner investors by 50% to 100% of such transaction fees and certain other fees that they receive.
Capital Invested In and Alongside Our Investment Funds
To further align our interests with those of investors in our investment funds, we have invested the firm’s capital and that of our personnel in the investment funds we sponsor and manage. Minimum general partner capital commitments to our investment funds are determined separately with respect to our investment funds and, generally, are less than 5% of the limited partner commitments of any particular fund. See “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity Needs” for more information regarding our minimum general partner capital commitments to our funds. We determine whether to make general partner capital commitments to our funds in excess of the minimum required commitments based on a variety of factors, including estimates regarding liquidity over the estimated time period during which commitments will be funded, estimates regarding the amounts of capital that may be appropriate for other opportunities or other funds we may be in the process of raising or are considering raising, prevailing industry standards with respect to sponsor commitments and our general working capital requirements. In many cases, we require our senior managing directors and other professionals to fund a portion of the general partner capital commitments to our funds. In other cases, we may from time to time offer to our senior managing directors and employees a part of the funded or unfunded general partner commitments to our investment funds. Our general partner capital commitments are funded with cash and not with carried interest or deferral of management fees.
Investors in many of our funds also receive the opportunity to make additional “co-investments” with the investment funds. Our personnel, as well as Blackstone itself, also have the opportunity to make co-investments, which we refer to as “side-by-side investments,” with many of our carry funds. Co-investments and side-by-side investments are investments in portfolio companies or other assets on the same terms and conditions as those
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acquired by the applicable fund. Co-investments refer to investments arranged by us that are made by our limited partner investors (and other investors in some instances) in a portfolio company or other assets alongside an investment fund. In certain cases, limited partner investors may pay additional management fees or carried interest in connection with such co-investments. Side-by-side investments are similar to co-investments but are made by directors, officers, senior managing directors, employees and certain affiliates of Blackstone. These investments are generally made pursuant to a binding election, subject to certain limitations, made once a year for the estimated activity during the ensuing 12 months under which those persons are permitted to make investments alongside a particular carry fund in all transactions of that fund for that year. Side-by-side investments are funded in cash and are not generally subject to management fees or carried interest.
Competition
The asset management and financial advisory industries are intensely competitive, and we expect them to remain so. We compete both globally and on a regional, industry and niche basis. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including investment performance, transaction execution skills, access to capital, access to and retention of qualified personnel, reputation, range of products and services, innovation and price.
Asset Management. We face competition both in the pursuit of outside investors for our investment funds and in acquiring investments in attractive portfolio companies and making other investments. With respect to outside investors, many have increased the amount of commitments they are making to alternative investment funds. However, any increase in the allocation of amounts of capital to alternative investment strategies by institutional and individual investors could lead to a reduction in the size and duration of pricing inefficiencies that many of our investment funds seek to exploit. Certain institutional investors are demonstrating a preference to in-source their own investment professionals and to make direct investments in alternative assets without the assistance of private equity advisers like us. Such institutional investors may become our competitors and could cease to be our clients.
Depending on the investment, we face competition primarily from sponsors managing other private equity funds, specialized investment funds, hedge funds and other pools of capital, other financial institutions including sovereign wealth funds, corporate buyers and other parties. Several of these competitors have significant amounts of capital and many of them have investment objectives similar to ours, which may create additional competition for investment opportunities. Some of these competitors may also have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources or other resources that are not available to us, which may create competitive disadvantages for us with respect to investment opportunities. Competitors may also be subject to different regulatory regimes or rules that may provide them more flexibility or better access to pursue transactions or raise capital for their investment funds. In addition, some of these competitors may have higher risk tolerances, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and to bid more aggressively than us for investments that we want to make. Corporate buyers may be able to achieve synergistic cost savings with regard to an investment or be perceived by sellers as otherwise being more desirable bidders, which may provide them with a competitive advantage in bidding for an investment.
Financial Advisory. Our competitors are other advisory, investment banking and financial firms. Our primary competitors in our financial advisory business are large financial institutions, many of which have far greater financial and other resources and much broader client relationships than us and (unlike us) have the ability to offer a wide range of products, from loans, deposit-taking and insurance to brokerage and a wide range of investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive position. Our competitors also have the ability to support investment banking, including financial and strategic advisory services, with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services and products in an effort to gain market share, which puts us at a competitive disadvantage and could result in pricing pressures that could materially adversely affect our revenue and profitability. In the current market environment, we are also seeing increased competition from independent boutique advisory firms focused primarily on mergers and acquisitions and other strategic advisory and/or restructuring services. In addition, Park Hill Group operates in a highly competitive environment and the barriers to entry into the fund placement business are low.
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In all of our businesses, competition is also intense for the attraction and retention of qualified employees. Our ability to continue to compete effectively in our businesses will depend upon our ability to attract new employees and retain and motivate our existing employees.
For additional information concerning the competitive risks that we face, see “—Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Asset Management Business—The asset management business is intensely competitive” and “—Risks Related to Our Financial Advisory Business—We face strong competition from other financial advisory firms”.
Employees
As of December 31, 2013, we employed approximately 2,010 people, including our 129 senior managing directors and approximately 840 other investment and advisory professionals. We strive to maintain a work environment that fosters professionalism, excellence, integrity and cooperation among our employees.
Regulatory and Compliance Matters
Our businesses, as well as the financial services industry generally, are subject to extensive regulation in the United States and elsewhere.
All of the investment advisers of our investment funds operating in the U.S. are registered as investment advisers with the SEC (other investment advisers are registered in non-U.S. jurisdictions). Registered investment advisers are subject to the requirements and regulations of the Advisers Act. Such requirements relate to, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, maintaining an effective compliance program, solicitation agreements, conflicts of interest, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, limitations on agency cross and principal transactions between an adviser and advisory clients, and general anti-fraud prohibitions.
Blackstone Advisory Partners L.P., a subsidiary of ours through which we conduct our financial and strategic advisory business, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC, is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or “FINRA,” and is registered as a broker-dealer in 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Park Hill Group LLC is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC, is a member of FINRA and is registered as a broker-dealer in numerous states. Park Hill Real Estate Group LLC, which has been registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC, a member of FINRA, and a broker-dealer in numerous states, was merged into Park Hill Group LLC during 2013, and continues to conduct its business as a division of Park Hill Group LLC. Our broker-dealer entities are subject to regulation and oversight by the SEC. In addition, FINRA, a self-regulatory organization that is subject to oversight by the SEC, adopts and enforces rules governing the conduct, and examines the activities, of its member firms, including our broker-dealer entities. State securities regulators also have regulatory or oversight authority over our broker-dealer entities.
Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including the implementation of a supervisory control system over the securities business, sales practices, conduct of and compensation in connection with public and private securities offerings, use and safekeeping of customers’ funds and securities, maintenance of adequate net capital, record keeping, the financing of customers’ purchases and the conduct and qualifications of directors, officers and employees. In particular, as registered broker-dealers and members of FINRA, Blackstone Advisory Partners L.P. and Park Hill Group LLC are subject to the SEC’s uniform net capital rule, Rule 15c3-1. Rule 15c3-1 specifies the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a significant part of a broker-dealer’s assets be kept in relatively liquid form. The SEC and various self-regulatory organizations impose rules that require notification when net capital falls below certain predefined criteria, limit the ratio of subordinated debt to equity in the capital structure of a broker-dealer and constrain the ability of a broker-dealer to expand its business under certain circumstances.
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Additionally, the SEC’s uniform net capital rule imposes certain requirements that may have the effect of prohibiting a broker-dealer from distributing or withdrawing capital and requiring prior notice to the SEC for certain withdrawals of capital.
The Blackstone Group International Partners LLP and GSO Capital Partners International LLP (“GSO International”) are both authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) in the United Kingdom. The U.K. Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, or “FSMA,” and rules promulgated thereunder govern all aspects of our investment business in the United Kingdom, including sales, research and trading practices, provision of investment advice, use and safekeeping of client funds and securities, regulatory capital, record keeping, margin practices and procedures, approval standards for individuals, anti-money laundering, periodic reporting and settlement procedures. Pursuant to the FSMA, certain of our subsidiaries are subject to regulations promulgated and administered by the FCA.
In addition, each of the closed-end mutual funds and investment management companies we manage is registered under the 1940 Act as a closed-end investment company. The closed-end mutual funds and investment management companies and the entities that serve as those vehicles’ investment advisers are subject to the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder, which among other things regulate the relationship between a registered investment company and its investment adviser and prohibit or severely restrict principal transactions and joint transactions.
Blackstone/GSO Debt Funds Management Europe Limited is authorized by the Central Bank of Ireland and is authorized to act as a manager of Irish non-UCITS Collective Investment Schemes. Certain Blackstone operating entities are licensed and subject to regulation by financial regulatory authorities in Japan, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore.
The SEC and various self-regulatory organizations have in recent years increased their regulatory activities, including regulation, examination and enforcement in respect of asset management firms.
Certain of our businesses are subject to compliance with laws and regulations of U.S. federal and state governments, non-U.S. governments (including, without limitation, India, Japan and Hong Kong), their respective agencies and/or various self-regulatory organizations or exchanges relating to, among other things, marketing of investment products, the privacy of client information, and any failure to comply with these regulations could expose us to liability and/or damage our reputation. Our businesses have operated for many years within a legal framework that requires our being able to monitor and comply with a broad range of legal and regulatory developments that affect our activities. However, additional legislation, changes in rules promulgated by self-regulatory organizations or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules, either in the United States or elsewhere, may directly affect our mode of operation and profitability.
Rigorous legal and compliance analysis of our businesses and investments is important to our culture and risk management. In addition, disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are documented, tested and assessed for design and operating effectiveness in compliance with the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We strive to maintain a culture of compliance through the use of policies and procedures such as oversight compliance, codes of conduct, compliance systems, communication of compliance guidance and employee education and training. Our enterprise risk management function further analyzes our business, investment, and other key risks, reinforcing their importance in our environment. We have a compliance group that monitors our compliance with all of the regulatory requirements to which we are subject and manages our compliance policies and procedures. Our Chief Compliance Officer, in coordination with the Chief Legal Officer, supervises our compliance group, which is responsible for addressing all regulatory and compliance matters that affect our activities. Our compliance policies and procedures address a variety of regulatory and compliance risks such as the handling of material non-public information, position reporting, personal securities trading, valuation of investments on a fund-specific basis, document retention, potential conflicts of interest and the allocation of investment opportunities.
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Our compliance group also monitors the information barriers that we maintain between the public and private side of Blackstone’s different businesses. We believe that our various businesses’ access to the intellectual knowledge and contacts and relationships that reside throughout our firm benefits all of our businesses. In order to maximize that access without compromising our compliance with the legal and contractual obligations to which we are subject, our compliance group oversees and monitors the communications between groups that are on the private side of our information barrier and groups that are on the public side, as well as between different public side groups. Our compliance group also monitors contractual obligations that may be impacted and potential conflicts that may arise in connection with these inter-group discussions.
The firm also has an Internal Audit department with a global mandate and dedicated resources that provides risk-based audit, Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance, and enterprise risk management functions. Internal Audit aims to provide reasonable, independent, and objective assurance to our management and the board of directors of our general partner that risks are well-managed and that controls are appropriate and effective.
There are a number of pending or recently enacted legislative and regulatory initiatives in the United States and in Europe that could significantly affect our business. Please see “Regulatory changes in the United States could adversely affect our business” and “Recent regulatory changes in jurisdictions outside the United States could adversely affect our business” in “—Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business.”
Available Information
The Blackstone Group L.P. is a Delaware limited partnership that was formed on March 12, 2007.
We file annual, quarterly and current reports and other information with the SEC. These filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room.
Our principal internet address is www.blackstone.com. We make available free of charge on or through www.blackstone.com our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The contents of our website are not, however, a part of this report.
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| ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS |
Risks Related to Our Business
Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the value or performance of the investments made by our investment funds, reducing the ability of our investment funds to raise or deploy capital and reducing the volume of the transactions involving our financial advisory business, each of which could materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.
Our business is materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions or events throughout the world that are outside our control, including but not limited to changes in interest rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty, changes in laws (including laws relating to taxation), trade barriers, commodity prices, currency exchange rates and controls and national and international political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts or security operations). These factors may affect the level and volatility of securities prices and the liquidity and the value of investments, and we may not be able to or may choose not to manage our exposure to these market conditions and/or other events. In the event of a market downturn each of our businesses could be affected in different ways.
For example, the unprecedented turmoil in the global financial markets during 2008 and 2009 provoked significant volatility of securities prices, contraction in the availability of credit and the failure of a number of companies, including leading financial institutions, which had a significant material adverse effect on our investment businesses, particularly our private equity and real estate businesses. During that period, many economies around the world, including the U.S. economy, experienced significant declines in employment, household wealth, and lending. The lack of credit in 2008 and 2009 materially hindered the initiation of new, large-sized transactions for our private equity and real estate segments and adversely impacted our operating results in those periods. While the adverse effects of that period have abated to a significant degree, global financial markets have experienced volatility at various times since, including in response to the May 2013 suggestion that the Federal Reserve could slow the pace of asset purchases in the coming months. As publicly traded equity securities represent a higher proportion of the assets of many of our carry funds than has typically been the case, stock market volatility may have a greater impact on our reported results than in the past. Although credit spreads are inside of historical averages and all-in financing costs are below those prevailing prior to the recession, there is concern that the favorability of market conditions may be dependent on continued monetary policy accommodation from central banks, especially the U.S. Federal Reserve. Additional reductions in the pace of U.S. Federal Reserve asset purchases (i.e., “tapering”) could have unpredictable consequences for credit markets, which may create adverse consequences for deal finance conditions and negatively impact our business. Economic activity and employment in developed economies remain below levels implied by pre-recession trends and financial institutions have not provided debt financing in amounts and on the terms commensurate with what they provided prior to 2008, particularly in Europe. In addition, many emerging economies have recently experienced weakness, tighter credit conditions and a decreased availability of foreign capital. Continued weakness could result in lower returns than we anticipated at the time certain of our investments were made.
Interest rates have been at historically low levels for the last few years. These rates may remain relatively low or rise in the future and a period of sharply rising interest rates could have an adverse impact on our business.
Our funds may be affected by reduced opportunities to exit and realize value from their investments, by lower than expected returns on investments made prior to the deterioration of the credit markets and by the possibility that we may not be able to find suitable investments for the funds to effectively deploy capital, which could adversely affect our ability to raise new funds. During periods of difficult market conditions or slowdowns (which may be across one or more industries, sectors or geographies), our funds’ portfolio companies may experience adverse operating performance, decreased revenues, financial losses, difficulty in obtaining
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access to financing and increased funding costs. Negative financial results in our investment funds’ portfolio companies may result in lower investment returns for our investment funds, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to raise new funds as well as our operating results and cash flow. To the extent the operating performance of those portfolio companies (as well as valuation multiples) do not improve or other portfolio companies experience adverse operating performance, our investment funds may sell those assets at values that are less than we projected or even a loss, thereby significantly affecting those investment funds’ performance and consequently our operating results and cash flow. During such periods of weakness, our investment funds’ portfolio companies may also have difficulty expanding their businesses and operations or meeting their debt service obligations or other expenses as they become due, including expenses payable to us. Furthermore, such negative market conditions could potentially result in a portfolio company entering bankruptcy proceedings, thereby potentially resulting in a complete loss of the fund’s investment in such portfolio company and a significant negative impact to the investment fund’s performance and consequently to our operating results and cash flow, as well as to our reputation. In addition, negative market conditions would also increase the risk of default with respect to investments held by our investment funds that have significant debt investments, such as our credit-focused funds. We are unable to predict whether and to what extent economic and market conditions will improve. Even if such conditions do improve broadly and significantly over the long term, adverse conditions and/or other events in particular sectors may cause our performance to suffer further.
Our operating performance may also be adversely affected by our fixed costs and other expenses and the possibility that we would be unable to scale back other costs within a time frame sufficient to match any decreases in revenue relating to changes in market and economic conditions. In order to reduce expenses in the face of a difficult economic environment, we may need to cut back or eliminate the use of certain services or service providers, or terminate the employment of a significant number of our personnel that, in each case, could be important to our business and without which our operating results could be adversely affected.
In addition, our financial advisory business can be materially affected by conditions in the global economy and various financial markets. For example, revenues generated by our financial advisory business are directly related to the volume and value of the transactions in which we are involved. During periods of unfavorable market or economic conditions, the volume and value of mergers and acquisitions transactions may decrease, thereby reducing the demand for our financial advisory services and increasing price competition among financial services companies seeking such engagements.
Changes in the debt financing markets could negatively impact the ability of our funds and their portfolio companies to obtain attractive financing or re-financing for their investments and could increase the cost of such financing if it is obtained, which could lead to lower-yielding investments and potentially decrease our net income.
Any recurrence of the significant contraction in the market for debt financing that occurred in 2008 and 2009 or other adverse change, including any regulatory changes that would limit banks’ ability to provide debt financing, to us relating to the terms of such debt financing with, for example, higher rates, higher equity requirements, and/or more restrictive covenants, particularly in the area of acquisition financings for private equity and real estate transactions, would have a material adverse impact on our business. In the event that our funds are unable to obtain committed debt financing for potential acquisitions or can only obtain debt at an increased interest rate or on unfavorable terms, our funds may have difficulty completing otherwise profitable acquisitions or may generate profits that are lower than would otherwise be the case, either of which could lead to a decrease in the investment income earned by us. Similarly, our funds’ portfolio companies regularly utilize the corporate debt markets in order to obtain financing for their operations. To the extent that the credit markets and/or regulatory changes render such financing difficult to obtain or more expensive, this may negatively impact the operating performance of those portfolio companies and, therefore, the investment returns on our funds. In addition, to the extent that the markets and/or regulatory changes make it difficult or impossible to refinance debt that is maturing in the near term, some of our portfolio companies may be unable to repay such debt at maturity and may be forced to sell assets, undergo a recapitalization or seek bankruptcy protection.
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A decline in the pace or size of investment by our private equity and real estate funds or an increase in the amount of transaction and monitoring fees we share with our investors would result in our receiving less revenue from transaction and monitoring fees.
The transaction and monitoring fees that we earn are driven in part by the pace at which our private equity and real estate funds make investments and the size of those investments. Any decline in that pace or the size of such investments would reduce our transaction and monitoring fees. Many factors could cause such a decline in the pace of investment, including the inability of our investment professionals to identify attractive investment opportunities, competition for such opportunities among other potential acquirers, decreased availability of capital on attractive terms and our failure to consummate identified investment opportunities because of business, regulatory or legal complexities and adverse developments in the U.S. or global economy or financial markets. In addition, we have confronted and expect to continue to confront requests from a variety of investors and groups representing investors to increase the percentage of transaction and monitoring fees we share with our investors. To the extent we accommodate such requests, and in certain cases we have and we expect to continue to do so, it would result in a decrease in the amount of fee revenue we earn.
Our revenue, net income and cash flow are all highly variable, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis and may cause the price of our common units to decline.
Our revenue, net income and cash flow are all highly variable. For example, our cash flow may fluctuate significantly due to the fact that we receive carried interest from our carry funds only when investments are realized and achieve a certain preferred return. In addition, transaction fees received by our carry funds and fees received by our advisory business can vary significantly from quarter to quarter. We may also experience fluctuations in our results, including our revenue and net income, from quarter to quarter due to a number of other factors, including changes in the values of our funds’ investments, changes in the amount of distributions, dividends or interest paid in respect of investments, changes in our operating expenses, the degree to which we encounter competition and general economic and market conditions. Such variability may lead to volatility in the trading price of our common units and cause our results for a particular period not to be indicative of our performance in a future period. It may be difficult for us to achieve steady growth in net income and cash flow on a quarterly basis, which could in turn lead to large adverse movements in the price of our common units or increased volatility in our common unit price generally.
The timing and receipt of carried interest generated by our carry funds is uncertain and will contribute to the volatility of our results. Carried interest depends on our carry funds’ performance and opportunities for realizing gains, which may be limited. It takes a substantial period of time to identify attractive investment opportunities, to raise all the funds needed to make an investment and then to realize the cash value (or other proceeds) of an investment through a sale, public offering, recapitalization or other exit. Even if an investment proves to be profitable, it may be several years before any profits can be realized in cash (or other proceeds). We cannot predict when, or if, any realization of investments will occur. In addition, upon the realization of a profitable investment by any of our carry funds and prior to us receiving any carried interest in respect of that investment, 100% of the proceeds of that investment must generally be paid to the investors in that carry fund until they have recovered certain fees and expenses and achieved a certain return on all realized investments by that carry fund as well as a recovery of any unrealized losses. If we were to have a realization event in a particular quarter, it may have a significant impact on our results for that particular quarter which may not be replicated in subsequent quarters. We recognize revenue on investments in our investment funds based on our allocable share of realized and unrealized gains (or losses) reported by such investment funds, and a decline in realized or unrealized gains, or an increase in realized or unrealized losses, would adversely affect our revenue and possibly cash flow, which could further increase the volatility of our quarterly results. Because our carry funds have preferred return thresholds to investors that need to be met prior to Blackstone receiving any carried interest, substantial declines in the carrying value of the investment portfolios of a carry fund can significantly delay or eliminate any carried interest distributions paid to us in respect of that fund since the value of the assets in the fund would need to recover to their aggregate cost basis plus the preferred return over time before we would be entitled to receive any carried interest from that fund.
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The timing and receipt of carried interest also varies with the life cycle of our carry funds. During periods in which a relatively large portion of our assets under management is attributable to carry funds and investments in their “harvesting” period, our carry funds would make larger distributions than in the fundraising or investment periods that precede harvesting. During periods in which a significant portion of our assets under management is attributable to carry funds that are not in their harvesting periods, we may receive substantially lower carried interest distributions.
With respect to most of our funds of hedge funds and credit-focused and real estate debt funds structured like hedge funds, our incentive income is paid annually or semi-annually, and the varying frequency of these payments will contribute to the volatility of our cash flow. Furthermore, we earn this incentive income only if the net asset value of a fund has increased or, in the case of certain funds, increased beyond a particular return threshold. Certain of these funds also have “high water marks” whereby we do not earn incentive income during a particular period even though the fund had positive returns in such period as a result of losses in prior periods. If one of these funds experiences losses, we will not be able to earn incentive income from the fund until it surpasses the previous high water mark. The incentive income we earn is therefore dependent on the net asset value of the fund, which could lead to significant volatility in our results.
We also earn a portion of our revenue from financial advisory engagements, and in many cases we are not paid until the successful consummation of the underlying transaction, restructuring or closing of the fund. As a result, our financial advisory revenue is highly dependent on market conditions and the decisions and actions of our clients, interested third parties and governmental authorities. If a transaction, restructuring or funding is not consummated, we often do not receive any financial advisory fees other than the reimbursement of certain out-of-pocket expenses, despite the fact that we may have devoted considerable resources to these transactions.
Because our revenue, net income and cash flow can be highly variable from quarter to quarter and year to year, we do not provide any guidance regarding our expected quarterly and annual operating results. The lack of guidance may affect the expectations of public market analysts and could cause increased volatility in our common unit price.
Adverse economic and market conditions may adversely affect our liquidity position, which could adversely affect our business operations in the future.
We use cash to (a) provide capital to facilitate the growth of our existing businesses, which principally includes funding our general partner and co-investment commitments to our funds, (b) provide capital for business expansion, (c) pay operating expenses and other obligations as they arise, (d) fund capital expenditures, (e) service interest payments on our debt and repay debt, (f) pay income taxes, and (g) make distributions to our unitholders and the holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. In addition to the cash we received in connection with our initial public offering (“IPO”), our $600 million debt offering in August 2009, our $400 million debt offering in September 2010 and our $650 million debt offering in August 2012, our principal sources of cash are: (a) Fee Related Earnings, (b) Realized Performance Fees net of related profit sharing interests that are included in Compensation and (c) Blackstone Investment Income related to its investments in liquid funds and its net realized investment income on its illiquid investments. We have also entered into a $1.1 billion revolving credit facility with a final maturity date of July 13, 2017. Our long-term debt totaled $1.6 billion in borrowings from the 2009, 2010 and 2012 bond issuances and we had no borrowings outstanding against our $1.1 billion revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2013. At the end of 2013, we had $832.0 million in cash, $1.2 billion invested in our Treasury Cash Management Strategies, $114.3 million invested in liquid Blackstone funds, $2.5 billion invested in illiquid Blackstone funds and $201.5 million invested in other investments.
If the global economy and conditions in the financing markets worsen, our fund investment performance could suffer, resulting in, for example, the payment of less or no carried interest to us. The payment of less or no carried interest could cause our cash flow from operations to significantly decrease, which could materially and
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adversely affect our liquidity position and the amount of cash we have on hand to conduct our operations and make distributions to our unitholders. Having less cash on hand could in turn require us to rely on other sources of cash (such as the capital markets which may not be available to us on acceptable terms) to conduct our operations, which include, for example, funding significant general partner and co-investment commitments to our carry funds, or to make quarterly distributions to our unitholders. Furthermore, during adverse economic and market conditions, we might not be able to renew all or part of our existing revolving credit facility or find alternate financing on commercially reasonable terms. As a result, our uses of cash may exceed our sources of cash, thereby potentially affecting our liquidity position.
We depend on our founder and other key senior managing directors and the loss of their services would have a material adverse effect on our business, results and financial condition.
We depend on the efforts, skill, reputations and business contacts of our founder, Stephen A. Schwarzman, and other key senior managing directors, the information and deal flow they generate during the normal course of their activities and the synergies among the diverse fields of expertise and knowledge held by our professionals. Accordingly, our success will depend on the continued service of these individuals, who are not obligated to remain employed with us. Several key senior managing directors have left the firm in the past and others may do so in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that the departure of any key senior managing director will have on our ability to achieve our investment objectives. The loss of the services of any of them could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, net income and cash flows and could harm our ability to maintain or grow assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future. We have historically relied in part on the interests of these professionals in the investment funds’ carried interest and incentive fees to discourage them from leaving the firm. However, to the extent our investment funds perform poorly, thereby reducing the potential for carried interest and incentive fees, their interests in carried interest and incentive fees become less valuable to them and become less effective as incentives for them to continue to be employed at Blackstone.
Our senior managing directors and other key personnel possess substantial experience and expertise and have strong business relationships with investors in our funds, clients and other members of the business community. As a result, the loss of these personnel could jeopardize our relationships with investors in our funds, our clients and members of the business community and result in the reduction of assets under management or fewer investment opportunities.
Our publicly traded structure may adversely affect our ability to retain and motivate our senior managing directors and other key personnel and to recruit, retain and motivate new senior managing directors and other key personnel, both of which could adversely affect our business, results and financial condition.
Our most important asset is our people, and our continued success is highly dependent upon the efforts of our senior managing directors and other professionals. Our future success and growth depends to a substantial degree on our ability to retain and motivate our senior managing directors and other key personnel and to strategically recruit, retain and motivate new talented personnel. Most of our current senior managing directors and other senior personnel have equity interests in our business that are primarily partnership units in Blackstone Holdings (as defined under “Part III. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence—Blackstone Holdings Partnership Agreements”) and which entitle such personnel to cash distributions. However, the value of such Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and the distributions in respect of these equity interests may not be sufficient to retain and motivate our senior managing directors and other key personnel, nor may they be sufficiently attractive to strategically recruit, retain and motivate new talented personnel. Moreover, prior to our IPO, many of our senior managing directors and other senior personnel had interests in each of our underlying businesses which may have entitled to them to a larger amount of cash distributions than they receive in respect of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units.
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Additionally, the retention of an increasingly larger portion of the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units held by senior managing directors is not dependent upon their continued employment with us as those equity interests continue to vest as time passes. Moreover, the minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions to which these interests are subject in certain instances lapse over time, may not be enforceable in all cases and can be waived. There is no guarantee that the non-competition and non-solicitation agreements to which our senior managing directors are subject, together with our other arrangements with them, will prevent them from leaving us, joining our competitors or otherwise competing with us or that these agreements will be enforceable in all cases. In addition, these agreements will expire after a certain period of time, at which point each of our senior managing directors would be free to compete against us and solicit investors in our funds, clients and employees.
We might not be able to provide future senior managing directors with equity interests in our business to the same extent or with the same tax consequences from which our existing senior managing directors previously benefited. For example, if legislation were to be enacted by the U.S. Congress or any state or local governments to treat carried interest as ordinary income rather than as capital gain for tax purposes, such legislation would materially increase the amount of taxes that we and possibly our unitholders would be required to pay, thereby adversely affecting our ability to recruit, retain and motivate our current and future professionals. See “—Risks Related to United States Taxation—Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.”
Alternatively, the value of the units we may issue senior managing directors at any given time may subsequently fall (as reflected in the market price of our common units), which could counteract the incentives we are seeking to induce in them. Therefore, in order to recruit and retain existing and future senior managing directors, we may need to increase the level of compensation that we pay to them. Accordingly, as we promote or hire new senior managing directors over time, we may increase the level of compensation we pay to our senior managing directors, which would cause our total employee compensation and benefits expense as a percentage of our total revenue to increase and adversely affect our profitability. In addition, issuance of equity interests in our business in the future to senior managing directors and other personnel would dilute public common unitholders.
We strive to maintain a work environment that reinforces our culture of collaboration, motivation and alignment of interests with investors. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain this culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our organizational documents do not limit our ability to enter into new lines of businesses, and we may expand into new investment strategies, geographic markets and businesses, each of which may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our businesses.
Our plan, to the extent that market conditions permit, is to grow our investment and financial advisory businesses and expand into new investment strategies, geographic markets and businesses. Our organizational documents do not limit us to the investment management and financial advisory businesses. Accordingly, we may pursue growth through acquisitions of other investment management or advisory companies, acquisitions of critical business partners or other strategic initiatives. In addition, we expect opportunities will arise to acquire other alternative or traditional asset managers. To the extent we make strategic investments or acquisitions, undertake other strategic initiatives or enter into a new line of business, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with (a) the required investment of capital and other resources, (b) the possibility that we have insufficient expertise to engage in such activities profitably or without incurring inappropriate amounts of risk, (c) combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls, and (d) the broadening of our geographic footprint, including the risks associated with conducting operations in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws and regulations with which
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we are not familiar, or from which we are currently exempt, and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. For example, our recent and planned business initiatives include offering registered investment products and the creation of investment products open to retail investors. These activities will impose additional compliance burdens on us and could also subject us to enhanced regulatory scrutiny and expose us to greater reputation and litigation risk. In addition, if a new business generates insufficient revenues or if we are unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations, our results of operations will be adversely affected. Our strategic initiatives may include joint ventures, in which case we will be subject to additional risks and uncertainties in that we may be dependent upon, and subject to liability, losses or reputational damage relating to systems, controls and personnel that are not under our control.
If we are unable to consummate or successfully integrate additional development opportunities, acquisitions or joint ventures, we may not be able to implement our growth strategy successfully.
Our growth strategy is based, in part, on the selective development or acquisition of asset management businesses, advisory businesses or other businesses complementary to our business where we think we can add substantial value or generate substantial returns. The success of this strategy will depend on, among other things: (a) the availability of suitable opportunities, (b) the level of competition from other companies that may have greater financial resources, (c) our ability to value potential development or acquisition opportunities accurately and negotiate acceptable terms for those opportunities, (d) our ability to obtain requisite approvals and licenses from the relevant governmental authorities and to comply with applicable laws and regulations without incurring undue costs and delays and (e) our ability to identify and enter into mutually beneficial relationships with venture partners. Moreover, even if we are able to identify and successfully complete an acquisition, we may encounter unexpected difficulties or incur unexpected costs associated with integrating and overseeing the operations of the new businesses. If we are not successful in implementing our growth strategy, our business, financial results and the market price for our common units may be adversely affected.
The U.S. Congress has considered legislation that, if enacted, would have (a) for taxable years beginning ten years after the date of enactment, precluded us from qualifying as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or required us to hold carried interest through taxable subsidiary corporations and (b) taxed individual holders of common units with respect to certain income and gains at increased rates. If any similar legislation were to be enacted and apply to us, we could incur a material increase in our tax liability and a substantial portion of our income could be taxed at a higher rate to the individual holders of our common units.
Over the past several years, a number of legislative and administrative proposals to change the taxation of Carried Interest have been introduced and, in certain cases, have been passed by the U.S. House of Representatives that would have, in general, treated income and gains, including gain on sale, attributable to an investment services partnership interest, or “ISPI”, as income subject to a new blended tax rate that is higher than the capital gains rate applicable to such income under current law, except to the extent such ISPI would have been considered under the legislation to be a qualified capital interest. Our common units and the interests that we hold in entities that are entitled to receive Carried Interest would likely have been classified as ISPIs for purposes of this legislation. It is unclear whether or when the U.S. Congress will pass such legislation or what provisions will be included in any final legislation if enacted.
The most recent legislative proposals provided that, for taxable years beginning ten years after the date of enactment, income derived with respect to an ISPI that is not a qualified capital interest and that is subject to the foregoing rules would not meet the qualifying income requirements under the publicly traded partnership rules. Therefore, if similar legislation were to be enacted, following such ten-year period, we would be precluded from qualifying as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or be required to hold all such ISPIs through corporations. If we were taxed as a U.S. corporation or held all ISPIs through U.S. corporations, our effective tax rate could increase significantly. The federal statutory rate for corporations is currently 35%. In addition, we could be subject to increased state and local taxes. Furthermore, you could be subject to tax on our conversion into a corporation or any restructuring required in order for us to hold our ISPIs through a corporation.
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The Obama administration proposed policies similar to Congress that would tax income and gain, including gain on sale, attributable to an ISPI at ordinary rates, with an exception for certain qualified capital interests. The proposal would also characterize certain income and gain in respect of ISPIs as non-qualifying income under the tax rules applicable to publicly traded partnerships after a ten-year transition period from the effective date, with an exception for certain qualified capital interests. The Obama administration proposed similar changes in its published revenue proposals for 2013 and prior years.
On February 26, 2014, Representative Camp, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, released a discussion draft of proposed legislation that would introduce major changes to the U.S. federal income tax system (the “2014 Camp Proposal”). It would, among other things (a) generally treat publicly traded partnerships (other than those deriving 90 percent of their income from activities relating to mining and natural resources) as taxable corporations for tax years beginning after 2016 and (b) recharacterize a portion of capital gain from certain partnership interests held in connection with the performance of services as ordinary income for tax years beginning after 2014.
States and other jurisdictions have also considered legislation to increase taxes with respect to Carried Interest. For example, in 2010, the New York State Assembly passed a bill, which could have caused a non-resident of New York who holds our common units to be subject to New York state income tax on carried interest earned by entities in which we hold an indirect interest, thereby requiring the non-resident to file a New York state income tax return reporting such carried interest income. This legislation would have been retroactive to January 1, 2010. It is unclear whether or when similar legislation will be enacted. Finally, several state and local jurisdictions are evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity level taxation through the imposition of state or local income, franchise or other forms of taxation or to increase the amount of such taxation. If any state were to impose a tax upon us as an entity, our distribution to you would be reduced.
Additional proposed changes in the U.S. taxation of businesses could adversely affect us.
The Obama administration has announced other proposals for potential reform to the U.S. federal income tax rules for businesses, including reducing the deductibility of interest for corporations, reducing the top marginal rate on corporations and subjecting entities currently treated as partnerships for tax purposes to an entity level income tax similar to the corporate income tax. Several proposals for reform if enacted could adversely affect us. It is unclear what any actual legislation would provide, when it would be proposed or what its prospects for enactment would be.
The 2014 Camp Proposal, in addition to the proposed changes discussed above relating to publicly traded partnerships and carried interest, includes proposed provisions for the migration of the United States from a “worldwide” system of taxation, pursuant to which U.S. corporations are taxed on their worldwide income, to a territorial system where U.S. corporations are taxed only on their U.S. source income (subject to certain exceptions for income derived in low-tax jurisdictions from the exploitation of tangible assets) at a top corporate tax rate that would be 25%. The 2014 Camp Proposal includes numerous revenue raisers to offset the reduction in the tax rate and base which may or may not be detrimental to us, including changes to the rules for depreciating or amortizing assets, including goodwill, and changes to rules affecting real estate investment trusts, partnerships and tax-exempt entities. Senator Baucus recently proposed a similar territorial U.S. tax system, but with more expansive U.S. taxation of the foreign profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries of U.S. corporations. The Baucus proposal would also eliminate the withholding tax exemption on portfolio interest debt obligations for investors residing in non-treaty jurisdictions. Whether these proposals will be enacted by the government and in what form is unknown, as are the ultimate consequences of the proposed legislation.
The potential requirement to convert our financial statements from being prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America to International Financial Reporting Standards may strain our resources and increase our annual expenses.
As a public entity, the SEC may require in the future that we report our financial results under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) instead of under accounting principles generally accepted in the United
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States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). IFRS is a set of accounting principles that has been gaining acceptance on a worldwide basis. These standards are published by the London-based International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and are more focused on objectives and principles and less reliant on detailed rules than U.S. GAAP. Today, there remain significant and material differences in several key areas between U.S. GAAP and IFRS which would affect Blackstone. Additionally, U.S. GAAP provides specific guidance in classes of accounting transactions for which equivalent guidance in IFRS does not exist. The adoption of IFRS is highly complex and would have an impact on many aspects and operations of Blackstone, including but not limited to financial accounting and reporting systems, internal controls, taxes, borrowing covenants and cash management. It is expected that a significant amount of time, internal and external resources and expenses over a multi-year period would be required for this conversion.
Operational risks may disrupt our businesses, result in losses or limit our growth.
We rely heavily on our financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems. Our systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of tampering or a breach of our network security systems or otherwise. In addition, our systems are from time to time subject to cyberattacks. Breaches of our network security systems could involve attacks that are intended to obtain unauthorized access to our proprietary information, destroy data or disable, degrade or sabotage our systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses, cyberattacks and other means and could originate from a wide variety of sources, including unknown third parties outside the firm. Although we take various measures to ensure the integrity of our systems, there can be no assurance that these measures will provide protection. If our systems are compromised, do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to our investment funds, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.
In addition, we operate in businesses that are highly dependent on information systems and technology. Our information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us.
Furthermore, we depend on our headquarters in New York City, where most of our personnel are located, for the continued operation of our business. A disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our businesses, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us or third parties with whom we conduct business, or directly affecting our headquarters, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to continue to operate our business without interruption. Our disaster recovery programs may not be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance and other safeguards might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all.
Finally, we rely on third party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for certain information systems and technology and administration of our hedge funds. Any interruption or deterioration in the performance of these third parties or failures of their information systems and technology could impair the quality of the funds’ operations and could affect our reputation and hence adversely affect our businesses.
Extensive regulation of our businesses affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. The possibility of increased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business. Legislative or regulatory changes could adversely affect us.
Our business is subject to extensive regulation, including periodic examinations, by governmental and self regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. Many of these regulators, including U.S. and foreign government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, as well as state securities commissions in the United States, are empowered to conduct investigations and administrative proceedings that can result in fines, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including censure, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders, the suspension or expulsion of a broker-dealer or investment adviser from registration or
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memberships or the commencement of a civil or criminal lawsuit against us or our personnel. Even if an investigation or proceeding did not result in a sanction or the sanction imposed against us or our personnel by a regulator were small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity relating to the investigation, proceeding or imposition of these sanctions could harm our reputation and cause us to lose existing clients or fail to gain new asset management or financial advisory clients.
In addition, we regularly rely on exemptions from various requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or “Securities Act,” the Exchange Act, the 1940 Act and the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, in conducting our asset management activities. These exemptions are sometimes highly complex and may in certain circumstances depend on compliance by third parties whom we do not control. If for any reason these exemptions were to become unavailable to us, we could become subject to regulatory action or third party claims and our business could be materially and adversely affected. For example, the SEC recently amended Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act to impose “bad actor” disqualification provisions which ban an issuer from offering or selling securities pursuant to the safe harbor rule in Rule 506 if the issuer, or any other “covered person”, is the subject of a criminal, regulatory or court order or other “disqualifying event” under the rule which has not been waived. The definition of “covered person” under the rule includes an issuer’s directors, general partners, managing members and executive officers; affiliates who are also issuing securities in the offering; beneficial owners of 20% or more of the issuer’s outstanding equity securities; and promoters and persons compensated for soliciting investors in the offering. Accordingly, our ability to rely on Rule 506 to offer or sell securities would be impaired if we or any “covered person” is the subject of a disqualifying event under the rule and we are unable to obtain a waiver. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed primarily to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect investors in our investment funds and are not designed to protect our common unitholders. Consequently, these regulations often serve to limit our activities and impose burdensome compliance requirements.
The Iran Threat Reduction and Syrian Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRA”) expands the scope of U.S. sanctions against Iran. More specifically, Section 219 of the ITRA amended the Exchange Act to require companies subject to SEC reporting obligations under Section 13 of the Exchange Act to disclose in their periodic reports specified dealings or transactions involving Iran or other individuals and entities targeted by certain OFAC sanctions engaged in by the reporting company or any of its affiliates during the period covered by the relevant periodic report. In some cases, ITRA requires companies to disclose these types of transactions even if they were permissible under U.S. law. Companies that may be considered our affiliates have publicly filed and/or provided to us the disclosures reproduced on Exhibit 99.1 of each of our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2013, August 8, 2013 and November 8, 2013 as well as Exhibit 99.1 of this report, which disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference herein. We have not independently verified or participated in the preparation of these disclosures. We are required to separately file with the SEC a notice that such activities have been disclosed in this report, and the SEC is required to post this notice of disclosure on its website and send the report to the U.S. President and certain U.S. Congressional committees. The U.S. President thereafter is required to initiate an investigation and, within 180 days of initiating such an investigation, to determine whether sanctions should be imposed. Disclosure of such activity, even if such activity is not subject to sanctions under applicable law, and any sanctions actually imposed on us or our affiliates as a result of these activities, could harm our reputation and have a negative impact on our business.
Regulatory changes in the United States could adversely affect our business.
As a result of the financial crisis and highly publicized financial scandals, investors have exhibited concerns over the integrity of the U.S. financial markets and the regulatory environment in which we operate in the United States. There has been active debate over the appropriate extent of regulation and oversight of private investment funds and their managers. We may be adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations imposed by the SEC or other U.S. governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. We also may be adversely affected by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules by these governmental authorities and self-regulatory organizations.
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On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), which imposes significant new regulations on almost every aspect of the U.S. financial services industry, including aspects of our business. Among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act includes the following provisions that could have an adverse impact on our ability to conduct our business:
| • | The Dodd-Frank Act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”), which is comprised of representatives of all the major U.S. financial regulators, to act as the financial system’s systemic risk regulator with the authority to review the activities of non-bank financial companies predominantly engaged in financial activities and designate those companies determined to be “systemically important” for supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Such designation is applicable to companies where material distress could pose risk to the financial stability of the United States. On April 3, 2012, the FSOC issued a final rule and interpretive guidance regarding the process by which it will designate nonbank financial companies as systemically important. The final rule and interpretive guidance details a three-stage process, with the level of scrutiny increasing at each stage. Initially, the FSOC will apply a broad set of uniform quantitative metrics to screen out financial companies that do not warrant additional review. The FSOC will consider whether a company has at least $50 billion in total consolidated assets and whether it meets other thresholds relating to credit default swaps outstanding, derivative liabilities, loans and bonds outstanding, a minimum leverage ratio of total consolidated assets (excluding separate accounts) to total equity of 15 to 1, and a short-term debt ratio of debt (with maturities less than 12 months) to total consolidated assets (excluding separate accounts) of 10%. A company that meets or exceeds both the asset threshold and one of the other thresholds will be subject to additional review. The review criteria could, and is expected to, evolve over time. While we believe it to be unlikely that we would be designated as systemically important, if such designation were to occur, we would be subject to significantly increased levels of regulation, which includes, without limitation, a requirement to adopt heightened standards relating to capital, leverage, liquidity, risk management, credit exposure reporting and concentration limits, restrictions on acquisitions and being subject to annual stress tests by the Federal Reserve. On July 8, 2013 and September 19, 2013, respectively, the FSOC made its first designations of these non-bank financial companies for Federal Reserve supervision. As expected, we were not among them. In connection with the work of the FSOC, on October 31, 2011, the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission issued a joint final rule on systemic risk reporting designed to assist the FSOC in gathering information from many sectors of the financial system for monitoring risks. This final rule requires large private equity fund advisers, such as Blackstone, to submit reports, on Form PF, focusing primarily on the extent of leverage incurred by their funds’ portfolio companies, the use of bridge financing and their funds’ investments in financial institutions. |
| • | The Dodd-Frank Act, under what has become known as the “Volcker Rule,” generally prohibits depository institution holding companies (including foreign banks with U.S. branches and insurance companies with U.S. depository institution subsidiaries), insured depository institutions and subsidiaries and affiliates of such entities (collectively, “banking entities”) from investing in or sponsoring private equity funds or hedge funds. The Volcker Rule became effective on July 21, 2012, kicking off a two-year conformance period. On December 10, 2013, the Federal Reserve and other federal agencies issued the long-awaited final rules implementing the Volcker Rule. Concurrent with the release of such rules, the Federal Reserve issued an order granting an industry-wide one-year extension for all banking entities. As a result, banking entities must have wound down, sold or otherwise conformed their activities, investments and relationships to the requirements of the Volcker Rule by July 2015, absent an extension to the conformance period by the Federal Reserve or an exemption for certain “permitted activities”. The Federal Reserve may, upon a request by a banking entity, grant up to three separate one-year extensions to the conformance period. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act includes a special provision to address the difficulty banking entities may experience in conforming investments in a private equity fund that qualifies as an “illiquid fund,” or a fund that as of May 1, 2010 was principally invested in, or was contractually committed to principally invest in, illiquid assets and makes all investments pursuant to, and consistent with, an investment strategy to |
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| principally invest in illiquid assets. For such a fund, a banking entity may seek approval for an additional extension of up to five years. While there is substantial uncertainty regarding the availability of extensions and transition period relief, as well as general practical implications under the Volcker Rule, there are likely to be adverse implications on our ability to raise funds from banking organizations as a result of this prohibition. |
| • | The Dodd-Frank Act requires private equity and hedge fund advisers to register with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act, to maintain extensive records and to file reports if deemed necessary for purposes of systemic assessment by certain governmental bodies. As described elsewhere in this Form 10-K, all of the investment advisers of our investment funds operated in the U.S. are registered as investment advisers with the SEC. |
| • | The Dodd-Frank Act authorizes federal regulatory agencies to review and, in certain cases, prohibit compensation arrangements at financial institutions that give employees incentives to engage in conduct deemed to encourage inappropriate risk taking by covered financial institutions. Such restrictions could limit our ability to recruit and retain investment professionals and senior management executives. |
Many of these provisions are subject to further rulemaking and to the discretion of regulatory bodies, such as the FSOC, the Federal Reserve and the SEC.
In June 2010, the SEC approved Rule 206(4)-5 under the Advisers Act regarding “pay to play” practices by investment advisers involving campaign contributions and other payments to government clients and elected officials able to exert influence on such clients. The rule prohibits investment advisers from providing advisory services for compensation to a government client for two years, subject to very limited exceptions, after the investment adviser, its senior executives or its personnel involved in soliciting investments from government entities make contributions to certain candidates and officials in position to influence the hiring of an investment adviser by such government client. Advisers are required to implement compliance policies designed, among other matters, to track contributions by certain of the adviser’s employees and engagements of third parties that solicit government entities and to keep certain records in order to enable the SEC to determine compliance with the rule. Any failure on our part to comply with the rule could expose us to significant penalties and reputational damage. In addition, there have been similar rules on a state level regarding “pay to play” practices by investment advisers.
In September 2010, California enacted legislation requiring placement agents who solicit funds from the California state retirement systems, such as the California Public Employees’ Retirement System and the California State Teachers’ Retirement System to register as lobbyists. In addition to increased reporting requirements, the legislation prohibits placement agents from receiving contingent compensation for soliciting investments from California state retirement systems. New York City has enacted similar measures that require asset management firms and their employees that solicit investments from New York City’s five public pension systems to register as lobbyists. Like the California legislation, the New York City measures impose significant compliance obligations on registered lobbyists and their employers, including annual registration fees, periodic disclosure reports and internal recordkeeping, and also prohibit the acceptance of contingent fees. Moreover, other states or municipalities may consider similar legislation as that enacted in California or adopt regulations or procedures with similar effect. These types of measures could materially and adversely impact our fund placement business.
In June 2011, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, an international body comprised of senior representatives of bank supervisory authorities and central banks from 27 countries, including the United States, announced the final framework for a comprehensive set of capital and liquidity standards, commonly referred to as “Basel III,” for internationally active banking organizations. These new standards, which will be fully phased in by 2019, will require banks to hold more capital, predominantly in the form of common equity, than under the current capital framework. Implementation of Basel III will require implementing regulations and guidelines by
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member states. In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking regulators announced the adoption of final regulations to implement Basel III for U.S. banking organizations, subject to various transition periods. Compliance with the Basel III standards may result in significant costs to banking organizations, which in turn may result in higher borrowing costs for the private sector, including our funds and portfolio companies, and reduced access to certain types of credit. See “—Changes in the debt financing markets may negatively impact the ability of our private equity funds and their portfolio companies to obtain attractive financing for their investments and may increase the cost of such financing if it is obtained, which could lead to lower yielding investments and potentially decrease our net income.” In the United States, regulations have been proposed by the federal banking agencies, but they remain pending.
It is impossible to determine the full extent of the impact on us of the Dodd-Frank Act or any other new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed or whether any of the proposals will become law. Any changes in the regulatory framework applicable to our business, including the changes described above, may impose additional costs on us, require the attention of our senior management or result in limitations on the manner in which we conduct our business. Moreover, as calls for additional regulation have increased, there may be a related increase in regulatory investigations of the trading and other investment activities of alternative asset management funds, including our funds. Compliance with any new laws or regulations could make compliance more difficult and expensive, affect the manner in which we conduct our business and adversely affect our profitability.
Changes in U.S. tax law could adversely affect our ability to raise funds from certain foreign investors.
Under the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), all entities in a broadly defined class of foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”) are required to comply with a complicated and expansive reporting regime or, beginning in July of 2014, be subject to a 30% United States withholding tax on certain U.S. payments (and beginning in 2017, a 30% withholding tax on gross proceeds from the sale of U.S. stocks and securities) and non-U.S. entities which are not FFIs are required to either certify they have no substantial U.S. beneficial ownership or to report certain information with respect to their substantial U.S. beneficial ownership or, beginning in July of 2014, be subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax on certain U.S. payments (and beginning in 2017, a 30% withholding tax on gross proceeds from the sale of U.S. stocks and securities). The reporting obligations imposed under FATCA require FFIs to enter into agreements with the IRS to obtain and disclose information about certain investors to the IRS. In addition, the administrative and economic costs of compliance with FATCA may discourage some foreign investors from investing in U.S. funds, which could adversely affect our ability to raise funds from these investors.
Recent regulatory changes in jurisdictions outside the United States could adversely affect our business.
Similar to the environment in the United States, the current environment in jurisdictions outside the United States in which we operate, in particular Europe, has become subject to further regulation. Governmental regulators and other authorities in Europe have proposed or implemented a number of initiatives and additional rules and regulations that could adversely affect our business.
In November 2010, the European Parliament voted to approve the EU Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers, which establishes a new EU regulatory regime for alternative investment fund managers, including private equity and hedge fund managers. The EU Directive generally applies to managers with a registered office in the EU (or managing an EU-based fund vehicle), but also impacts non EU-based managers, such as our affiliates, that market securities of alternative investment funds in the EU. In general, the EU Directive will have a staged implementation over a period of years beginning in July 2013 for EU-based managers (or EU-based funds) and no later than 2018 for non-EU based managers marketing non-EU-based funds into the EU. As a consequence of the transitional provisions that have been implemented, we have had to comply with certain requirements of the EU Directive in order to market our investment funds into Europe, including compliance with disclosure and transparency guidelines and asset-stripping restrictions (which prohibit
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distributions to shareholders for 24 months following closing of an acquisition). Blackstone’s compliance with the EU Directive, which can be no later than 2018, will subject it to a number of additional requirements, including rules relating to the remuneration of certain personnel (principally adopting the provisions of the Capital Requirements Directive), certain capital requirements for alternative investment fund managers, leverage oversight for each investment fund, liquidity management, and retention of depositaries for each investment fund. Compliance with the requirements of the EU Directive will impose additional compliance burdens and expense for us and could reduce our operating flexibility and fundraising opportunities.
In Denmark and Germany, legislative amendments have been adopted which may limit deductibility of interest and other financing expenses in companies in which our funds have invested or may invest in the future. In Denmark, annual net financing expenses in excess of a threshold amount (Danish krone 21.3 million on a consolidated basis, equal to €2.9 million translated at December 31, 2013) will be limited on the basis of earnings before interest and taxes and/or asset tax values. Further, effective for fiscal years starting July 1, 2012 or later, the rules regarding the use of loss carry forward have been amended. Accordingly loss carry forward for each year can only reduce Danish corporate taxable income in excess of Danish krone 7.5 million (equal to €1.0 million translated at December 31, 2013) by 60% on a consolidated basis. Losses in excess of the 60% threshold may be carried forward to subsequent years, albeit with similar restrictions. According to the German interest stripping rules, interest expenses exceeding the interest income of the same fiscal year may be deducted only up to 30% of the (adjusted) taxable earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of the relevant German business (Betrieb) (subject to specific certain exemptions), while any additional non-deductible interest may, if at all, only be claimed in subsequent years. These measures will most likely adversely affect portfolio companies in those countries in which our funds have investments and limit the benefits of additional investments in those countries.
Our investment businesses are subject to the risk that similar measures might be introduced in other countries in which our funds currently have investments or plan to invest in the future, or that other legislative or regulatory measures that negatively affect their respective portfolio investments might be promulgated in any of the countries in which they invest. Blackstone’s non-U.S. advisory entities are, to the extent required, registered with the relevant regulatory authority of the jurisdiction in which the advisory entity is domiciled. In addition, we voluntarily participate in several transparency initiatives, including those organized by the Private Equity Growth Capital Council, the British Private Equity and Venture Capital Association and others calling for the reporting of information concerning companies in which certain of our funds have investments. The reporting related to such initiatives may divert the attention of our personnel and the management teams of our portfolio companies. Moreover, sensitive business information relating to us or our portfolio companies could be publicly released.
Our use of leverage to finance our business will expose us to substantial risks, which are exacerbated by our funds’ use of leverage to finance investments.
We intend to use borrowings to finance our business operations as a public company. For example, in August 2009, we issued $600 million of ten-year senior notes at a rate of 6.625% per annum, in September 2010, we issued $400 million of ten-year senior notes at a rate of 5.875% per annum and in August 2012, we issued $400 million of ten-year senior notes at a rate of 4.75% per annum and $250 million of thirty-year senior notes at a rate of 6.25% per annum. Borrowing to finance our businesses exposes us to the typical risks associated with the use of leverage, including those discussed below under “—Dependence on significant leverage in investments by our funds could adversely affect our ability to achieve attractive rates of return on those investments”. In order for us to utilize leverage to finance our business, we are dependent on financial institutions such as global banks extending credit to us on terms that are reasonable to us. There is no guarantee that such institutions will continue to extend credit to us or renew any existing credit agreements we may have with them, or that we will be able to refinance outstanding notes when they mature. We have a credit facility which provides for revolving credit borrowings that has a final maturity date of July 13, 2017. As borrowings under the facility or any other indebtedness mature, we may be required to either refinance them by entering into a new facility, which could result in higher borrowing costs, or by issuing equity, which would dilute existing unitholders. We could also
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repay them by using cash on hand, cash provided by our continuing operations or cash from the sale of our assets, which could reduce distributions to our unitholders. We could have difficulty entering into new facilities or issuing equity in the future on attractive terms, or at all. These risks are exacerbated by our funds’ use of leverage to finance investments.
We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities and damage to our professional reputation as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.
The investment decisions we make in our asset management business and the activities of our investment professionals on behalf of portfolio companies of our carry funds may subject the companies, funds and us to the risk of third party litigation arising from investor dissatisfaction with the performance of those investment funds, the activities of our portfolio companies and a variety of other litigation claims. For example, we are currently involved in a suit that alleges that we, along with other private equity firms and investment banks, have violated antitrust laws. From time to time we, our funds and our portfolio companies have been and may be subject to class action suits by shareholders in public companies that we have agreed to acquire that challenge our acquisition transactions and/or attempt to enjoin them. Please see “—Legal Proceedings” below for a discussion of certain proceedings to which we are currently a party.
In addition, to the extent investors in our investment funds suffer losses resulting from fraud, gross negligence, willful misconduct or other similar misconduct, investors may have remedies against us, our investment funds, our senior managing directors or our affiliates under the federal securities law and/or state law. While the general partners and investment advisers to our investment funds, including their directors, officers, other employees and affiliates, are generally indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law with respect to their conduct in connection with the management of the business and affairs of our investment funds, such indemnity does not extend to actions determined to have involved fraud, gross negligence, willful misconduct or other similar misconduct.
Our financial advisory activities may also subject us to the risk of liabilities to our clients and third parties, including our clients’ stockholders, under securities or other laws in connection with corporate transactions on which we render advice.
If any lawsuits were brought against us and resulted in a finding of substantial legal liability, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could seriously harm our business. We depend to a large extent on our business relationships and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain investors and advisory clients and to pursue investment opportunities for our carry funds. As a result, allegations of improper conduct by private litigants or regulators, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us, our investment activities or the private equity industry in general, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation, which may be more damaging to our business than to other types of businesses.
Employee misconduct could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm. Fraud and other deceptive practices or other misconduct at our portfolio companies could similarly subject us to liability and reputational damage and also harm performance.
There is a risk that our employees could engage in misconduct that adversely affects our business. We are subject to a number of obligations and standards arising from our asset management business and our authority over the assets managed by our asset management business. The violation of these obligations and standards by any of our employees would adversely affect our clients and us. Our business often requires that we deal with confidential matters of great significance to companies in which we may invest or our financial advisory clients. If our employees were improperly to use or disclose confidential information, we could suffer serious harm to
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our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. It is not always possible to detect or deter employee misconduct, and the extensive precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If one of our employees were to engage in misconduct or were to be accused of such misconduct, our business and our reputation could be adversely affected.
In recent years, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission have devoted greater resources to enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). In addition, the United Kingdom has recently significantly expanded the reach of its anti-bribery laws. While we have developed and implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure strict compliance by us and our personnel with the FCPA, such policies and procedures may not be effective in all instances to prevent violations. Any determination that we have violated the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws could subject us to, among other things, civil and criminal penalties, material fines, profit disgorgement, injunctions on future conduct, securities litigation and a general loss of investor confidence, any one of which could adversely affect our business prospects, financial position or the market value of our common units.
In addition, we will also be adversely affected if there is misconduct by personnel of portfolio companies in which our funds invest. For example, failures by personnel at our portfolio companies to comply with anti-bribery, trade sanctions or other legal and regulatory requirements could adversely affect our business and reputation. We may face increased risk of such misconduct to the extent our investment in non-U.S. markets, particularly emerging markets, increases. Such misconduct might undermine our due diligence efforts with respect to such companies and could negatively affect the valuation of a fund’s investments.
Risks Related to Our Asset Management Business
Poor performance of our investment funds would cause a decline in our revenue, income and cash flow, may obligate us to repay carried interest previously paid to us, and could adversely affect our ability to raise capital for future investment funds.
In the event that any of our investment funds were to perform poorly, our revenue, income and cash flow would decline because the value of our assets under management would decrease, which would result in a reduction in management fees, and our investment returns would decrease, resulting in a reduction in the carried interest and incentive fees we earn. Moreover, we could experience losses on our investments of our own principal as a result of poor investment performance by our investment funds. Furthermore, if, as a result of poor performance of later investments in a carry fund’s life, the fund does not achieve certain investment returns for the fund over its life, we will be obligated to repay the amount by which carried interest that was previously distributed to us exceeds amounts to which we are ultimately entitled.
Poor performance of our investment funds could make it more difficult for us to raise new capital. Investors in carry funds might decline to invest in future investment funds we raise and investors in hedge funds or other investment funds might withdraw their investments as a result of poor performance of the investment funds in which they are invested. Investors and potential investors in our funds continually assess our investment funds’ performance, and our ability to raise capital for existing and future investment funds and avoid excessive redemption levels will depend on our investment funds’ continued satisfactory performance. Accordingly, poor fund performance may deter future investment in our funds and thereby decrease the capital invested in our funds and ultimately, our management fee revenue. Alternatively, in the face of poor fund performance, investors could demand lower fees or fee concessions for existing or future funds which would likewise decrease our revenue. A significant number of fund sponsors have recently decreased the amount of fees they charged investors for managing existing or successor funds as a direct result of poor fund performance.
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Our asset management business depends in large part on our ability to raise capital from third party investors. If we are unable to raise capital from third party investors, we would be unable to collect management fees or deploy their capital into investments and potentially collect transaction fees or carried interest, which would materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.
Our ability to raise capital from third party investors depends on a number of factors, including certain factors that are outside our control. Certain factors, such as the performance of the stock market or the asset allocation rules or regulations or investment policies to which such third party investors are subject, could inhibit or restrict the ability of third party investors to make investments in our investment funds or the asset classes in which our investment funds invest. For example, during 2008 and 2009, many third party investors that invest in alternative assets and have historically invested in our investment funds experienced significant volatility in valuations of their investment portfolios, including a significant decline in the value of their overall private equity, real estate, venture capital and hedge fund portfolios, which affected our ability to raise capital from them. Coupled with a lack of realizations during that period from their existing private equity and real estate portfolios, many of these investors were left with disproportionately outsized remaining commitments to a number of investment funds, which significantly limited their ability to make new commitments to third party managed investment funds such as those managed by us. Our ability to raise new funds could similarly be hampered if the general appeal of private equity and alternative investments were to decline. An investment in a limited partner interest in a private equity fund is more illiquid and the returns on such investment may be more volatile than an investment in securities for which there is a more active and transparent market. Private equity and alternative investments could fall into disfavor as a result of concerns about liquidity and short-term performance. Such concerns could be exhibited, in particular, by public pension funds, which have historically been among the largest investors in alternative assets. Many public pension funds are significantly underfunded and their funding problems have been exacerbated by the recent economic downturn. Concerns with liquidity could cause such public pension funds to reevaluate the appropriateness of alternative investments. Although economic conditions have improved and many investors have increased the amount of commitments they are making to alternative investment funds, there is no assurance that this will continue.
In addition, certain institutional investors, including sovereign wealth funds and public pension funds, have demonstrated an increased preference for alternatives to the traditional investment fund structure, such as managed accounts, smaller funds and co-investment vehicles. There can be no assurance that such alternatives will be as profitable for us as the traditional investment fund structure, or as to the impact such a trend could have on the cost of our operations or profitability if we were to implement these alternative investment structures. Moreover, certain institutional investors are demonstrating a preference to in-source their own investment professionals and to make direct investments in alternative assets without the assistance of private equity advisers like us. Such institutional investors may become our competitors and could cease to be our clients. As some existing investors cease or significantly curtail making commitments to alternative investment funds, we may need to identify and attract new investors in order to maintain or increase the size of our investment funds. There are no assurances that we can find or secure commitments from those new investors. If economic conditions were to deteriorate or if we are unable to find new investors, we might raise less than our desired amount for a given fund. Further, as we seek to expand into other asset classes, we may be unable to raise a sufficient amount of capital to adequately support such businesses. If we are unable to successfully raise capital, it could materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and adversely affect our financial condition.
In addition, in connection with raising new funds or making further investments in existing funds, we negotiate terms for such funds and investments with existing and potential investors. The outcome of such negotiations could result in our agreement to terms that are materially less favorable to us than for prior funds we have managed or funds managed by our competitors. Such terms could restrict our ability to raise investment funds with investment objectives or strategies that compete with existing funds, add additional expenses and obligations for us in managing the fund or increase our potential liabilities, all of which could ultimately reduce our revenues. In addition, certain institutional investors have publicly criticized certain fund fee and expense structures, including management fees and transaction and advisory fees. Although we have no obligation to modify any of our fees with respect to our existing funds, we may experience pressure to do so in our funds. For
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example, we have confronted and expect to continue to confront requests from a variety of investors and groups representing investors to decrease fees, which could result in a reduction in the fees and carried interest and incentive fees we earn.
Valuation methodologies for certain assets in our funds can be subject to significant subjectivity and the fair value of assets established pursuant to such methodologies may never be realized, which could result in significant losses for our funds.
There are often no readily ascertainable market prices for illiquid investments in our private equity, real estate and certain of our credit-focused funds. We determine the value of the investments of each of our private equity, real estate and credit-focused funds at least quarterly based on the fair value of such investments. The fair value of investments of a private equity, real estate or credit-focused fund is generally determined using several methodologies described in the investment funds’ valuation policies.
Investments for which market prices are not observable include private investments in the equity of operating companies or real estate properties. Fair values of such investments are determined by reference to projected net earnings, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), the discounted cash flow method, public market or private transactions, valuations for comparable companies and other measures which, in many cases, are unaudited at the time received. In determining fair values of real estate investments, we also consider projected operating cash flows, sales of comparable assets, if any, replacement costs and capitalization rates (“cap rates”) analyses. Valuations may be derived by reference to observable valuation measures for comparable companies or assets (for example, multiplying a key performance metric of the investee company or asset, such as EBITDA, by a relevant valuation multiple observed in the range of comparable companies or transactions), adjusted by management for differences between the investment and the referenced comparables, and in some instances by reference to option pricing models or other similar methods. Additionally, where applicable, projected distributable cash flow through debt maturity will also be considered in support of the investment’s carrying value. These valuation methodologies involve a significant degree of management judgment.
In certain cases debt and equity securities are valued on the basis of prices from an orderly transaction between market participants provided by reputable dealers or pricing services. In determining the value of a particular investment, pricing services may use certain information with respect to transactions in such investments, quotations from dealers, pricing matrices and market transactions in comparable investments and various relationships between investments.
The determination of fair value using these methodologies takes into consideration a range of factors including but not limited to the price at which the investment was acquired, the nature of the investment, local market conditions, trading values on public exchanges for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. These valuation methodologies involve a significant degree of management judgment. For example, as to investments that we share with another sponsor, we may apply a different valuation methodology than the other sponsor does or derive a different value than the other sponsor has derived on the same investment. These differences might cause some investors to question our valuations.
Because there is significant uncertainty in the valuation of, or in the stability of the value of illiquid investments, the fair values of such investments as reflected in an investment fund’s net asset value do not necessarily reflect the prices that would actually be obtained by us on behalf of the investment fund when such investments are realized. Realizations at values significantly lower than the values at which investments have been reflected in prior fund net asset values would result in losses for the applicable fund, a decline in asset management fees and the loss of potential carried interest and incentive fees. Changes in values attributed to investments from quarter to quarter may result in volatility in the net asset values and results of operations and cash flow that we report from period to period. Also, a situation where asset values turn out to be materially
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different than values reflected in prior fund net asset values could cause investors to lose confidence in us, which would in turn result in difficulty in raising additional funds or redemptions from our hedge funds.
The historical returns attributable to our funds should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our funds or of our future results or of any returns expected on an investment in our common units.
The historical and potential future returns of the investment funds that we manage are not directly linked to returns on our common units. Therefore, any continued positive performance of the investment funds that we manage will not necessarily result in positive returns on an investment in our common units. However, poor performance of the investment funds that we manage would cause a decline in our revenue from such investment funds, and would therefore have a negative effect on our performance and in all likelihood the returns on an investment in our common units.
Moreover, with respect to the historical returns of our investment funds:
| • | market conditions during previous periods were significantly more favorable for generating positive performance, particularly in our private equity and real estate businesses, than the market conditions we experienced in the past three years and may continue to experience for the foreseeable future, |
| • | the rates of returns of our carry funds reflect unrealized gains as of the applicable measurement date that may never be realized, which may adversely affect the ultimate value realized from those funds’ investments, |
| • | the rates of returns of our BCP and BREP funds in some years were positively influenced by a number of investments that experienced rapid and substantial increases in value following the dates on which those investments were made, which may not occur with respect to future investments, |
| • | in recent years, there has been increased competition for private equity investment opportunities resulting from the increased amount of capital invested in alternative investment funds and high liquidity in debt markets, |
| • | our investment funds’ returns in some years benefited from investment opportunities and general market conditions that may not repeat themselves (including, for example, particularly favorable borrowing conditions in the debt markets during 2005, 2006 and early 2007), and our current or future investment funds might not be able to avail themselves of comparable investment opportunities or market conditions, and |
| • | the rates of return reflect our historical cost structure, which may vary in the future due to various factors enumerated elsewhere in this report and other factors beyond our control, including changes in laws. |
In addition, future returns will be affected by the applicable risks described elsewhere in this Form 10-K, including risks of the industries and businesses in which a particular fund invests.
Dependence on significant leverage in investments by our funds could adversely affect our ability to achieve attractive rates of return on those investments.
Many of our carry funds’ investments rely heavily on the use of leverage, and our ability to achieve attractive rates of return on investments will depend on our ability to access sufficient sources of indebtedness at attractive rates. For example, in many private equity investments, indebtedness may constitute as much as 70% or more of a portfolio company’s or real estate asset’s total debt and equity capitalization, including debt that may be incurred in connection with the investment. The absence of available sources of sufficient senior debt financing for extended periods of time could therefore materially and adversely affect our private equity and real estate businesses. In addition, an increase in either the general levels of interest rates or in the risk spread demanded by sources of indebtedness would make it more expensive to finance those businesses’ investments.
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Increases in interest rates could also make it more difficult to locate and consummate private equity investments because other potential buyers, including operating companies acting as strategic buyers, may be able to bid for an asset at a higher price due to a lower overall cost of capital or their ability to benefit from a higher amount of cost savings following the acquisition of the asset. In addition, a portion of the indebtedness used to finance private equity investments often includes high-yield debt securities issued in the capital markets. Availability of capital from the high-yield debt markets is subject to significant volatility, and there may be times when we might not be able to access those markets at attractive rates, or at all, when completing an investment.
Investments in highly leveraged entities are inherently more sensitive to declines in revenues, increases in expenses and interest rates and adverse economic, market and industry developments. The incurrence of a significant amount of indebtedness by an entity could, among other things:
| • | give rise to an obligation to make mandatory pre-payments of debt using excess cash flow, which might limit the entity’s ability to respond to changing industry conditions to the extent additional cash is needed for the response, to make unplanned but necessary capital expenditures or to take advantage of growth opportunities, |
| • | limit the entity’s ability to adjust to changing market conditions, thereby placing it at a competitive disadvantage compared to its competitors who have relatively less debt, |
| • | allow even moderate reductions in operating cash flow to render it unable to service its indebtedness, leading to a bankruptcy or other reorganization of the entity and a loss of part or all of the equity investment in it, |
| • | limit the entity’s ability to engage in strategic acquisitions that might be necessary to generate attractive returns or further growth, and |
| • | limit the entity’s ability to obtain additional financing or increase the cost of obtaining such financing, including for capital expenditures, working capital or general corporate purposes. |
As a result, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged entity is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. For example, many investments consummated by private equity sponsors during 2005, 2006 and 2007 that utilized significant amounts of leverage subsequently experienced severe economic stress and, in certain cases, defaulted on their debt obligations due to a decrease in revenues and cash flow precipitated by the subsequent economic downturn during 2008 and 2009.
When our BCP and BREP funds’ existing portfolio investments reach the point when debt incurred to finance those investments mature in significant amounts and must be either repaid or refinanced, those investments may materially suffer if they have generated insufficient cash flow to repay maturing debt and there is insufficient capacity and availability in the financing markets to permit them to refinance maturing debt on satisfactory terms, or at all. If a limited availability of financing for such purposes were to persist for an extended period of time, when significant amounts of the debt incurred to finance our private equity and real estate funds’ existing portfolio investments came due, these funds could be materially and adversely affected.
Many of the hedge funds in which our funds of hedge funds invest and our credit-focused funds, CLOs and CDOs may choose to use leverage as part of their respective investment programs and regularly borrow a substantial amount of their capital. The use of leverage poses a significant degree of risk and enhances the possibility of a significant loss in the value of the investment portfolio. A fund may borrow money from time to time to purchase or carry securities or may enter into derivative transactions (such as total return swaps) with counterparties that have embedded leverage. The interest expense and other costs incurred in connection with such borrowing may not be recovered by appreciation in the securities purchased or carried and will be lost—and the timing and magnitude of such losses may be accelerated or exacerbated—in the event of a decline in the market value of such securities. Gains realized with borrowed funds may cause the fund’s net asset value to increase at a faster rate than would be the case without borrowings. However, if investment results fail to cover the cost of borrowings, the fund’s net asset value could also decrease faster than if there had been no borrowings.
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Increases in interest rates could also decrease the value of fixed-rate debt investments that our investment funds make.
Any of the foregoing circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
The asset management business is intensely competitive.
The asset management business is intensely competitive, with competition based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, the quality of service provided to clients, investor liquidity and willingness to invest, fund terms (including fees), brand recognition and business reputation. Our asset management business competes with a number of private equity funds, specialized investment funds, hedge funds, funds of hedge funds and other sponsors managing pools of capital, as well as corporate buyers, traditional asset managers, commercial banks, investment banks and other financial institutions (including sovereign wealth funds). A number of factors serve to increase our competitive risks:
| • | a number of our competitors in some of our businesses have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources and more personnel than we do, |
| • | some of our funds may not perform as well as competitors’ funds or other available investment products, |
| • | several of our competitors have significant amounts of capital, and many of them have similar investment objectives to ours, which may create additional competition for investment opportunities and may reduce the size and duration of pricing inefficiencies that many alternative investment strategies seek to exploit, |
| • | some of these competitors may also have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us, which may create competitive disadvantages for us with respect to investment opportunities, |
| • | some of our competitors may be subject to less regulation and accordingly may have more flexibility to undertake and execute certain businesses or investments than we can and/or bear less compliance expense than we do, |
| • | some of our competitors may have more flexibility than us in raising certain types of investment funds under the investment management contracts they have negotiated with their investors, |
| • | some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and to bid more aggressively than us for investments that we want to make, |
| • | there are relatively few barriers to entry impeding new alternative asset fund management firms, and the successful efforts of new entrants into our various businesses, including former “star” portfolio managers at large diversified financial institutions as well as such institutions themselves, is expected to continue to result in increased competition, |
| • | some of our competitors may have better expertise or be regarded by investors as having better expertise in a specific asset class or geographic region than we do, |
| • | our competitors that are corporate buyers may be able to achieve synergistic cost savings in respect of an investment, which may provide them with a competitive advantage in bidding for an investment, |
| • | some investors may prefer to invest with an investment manager that is not publicly traded or is smaller with only one or two investment products that it manages, and |
| • | other industry participants will from time to time seek to recruit our investment professionals and other employees away from us. |
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We may lose investment opportunities in the future if we do not match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. Alternatively, we may experience decreased rates of return and increased risks of loss if we match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. Moreover, if we are forced to compete with other alternative asset managers on the basis of price, we may not be able to maintain our current fund fee and carried interest terms. We have historically competed primarily on the performance of our funds, and not on the level of our fees or carried interest relative to those of our competitors. However, there is a risk that fees and carried interest in the alternative investment management industry will decline, without regard to the historical performance of a manager. Fee or carried interest income reductions on existing or future funds, without corresponding decreases in our cost structure, would adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
In addition, the attractiveness of our investment funds relative to investments in other investment products could decrease depending on economic conditions. This competitive pressure could adversely affect our ability to make successful investments and limit our ability to raise future investment funds, either of which would adversely impact our business, revenue, results of operations and cash flow.
The due diligence process that we undertake in connection with investments by our investment funds may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with an investment.
Before making investments in private equity and other investments, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisers, accountants and investment banks may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of investment. Nevertheless, when conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an investment, we rely on the resources available to us, including information provided by the target of the investment and, in some circumstances, third party investigations. The due diligence investigation that we will carry out with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts (including fraud) that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the investment being successful.
In connection with the due diligence that our funds of hedge funds conduct in making and monitoring investments in third party hedge funds, we rely on information supplied by third party hedge funds or by service providers to such third party hedge funds. The information we receive from them may not be accurate or complete and therefore we may not have all the relevant facts necessary to properly assess and monitor our funds’ investment in a particular hedge fund.
Our asset management activities involve investments in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and we may fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of our principal investments.
Many of our investment funds invest in securities that are not publicly traded. In many cases, our investment funds may be prohibited by contract or by applicable securities laws from selling such securities for a period of time. Our investment funds will generally not be able to sell these securities publicly unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration is available. The ability of many of our investment funds, particularly our BCP funds, to dispose of investments is heavily dependent on the public equity markets. For example, the ability to realize any value from an investment may depend upon the ability to complete an initial public offering of the portfolio company in which such investment is held. Even if the securities are publicly traded, large holdings of securities can often be disposed of only over a substantial length of time, exposing the investment returns to risks of downward movement in market prices during the intended disposition period. Accordingly, under certain conditions, our investment funds may be forced to either sell securities at lower prices than they had expected to realize or defer—potentially for a considerable period of time—sales that they had planned to make. We have made and expect to continue to make significant principal
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investments in our current and future investment funds. Contributing capital to these investment funds is risky, and we may lose some or the entire principal amount of our investments.
We have engaged in large-sized investments, which involve certain complexities and risks that are not encountered in small- and medium-sized investments.
Our BCP and BREP funds have invested and plan to continue to invest in large transactions. The size of these investments involves certain complexities and risks that are not encountered in small- and medium-sized investments. For example, larger transactions may be more difficult to finance, and exiting larger deals may present challenges in many cases. In addition, larger transactions may entail greater scrutiny by regulators, labor unions and other third parties.
Larger transactions may be structured as “consortium transactions” due to the size of the investment and the amount of capital required to be invested. A consortium transaction involves an equity investment in which two or more private equity firms serve together or collectively as equity sponsors. We participated in a significant number of consortium transactions in prior years due to the increased size of many of the transactions in which we were involved. Consortium transactions generally entail a reduced level of control by Blackstone over the investment because governance rights must be shared with the other private equity investors. Accordingly, we may not be able to control decisions relating to the investment, including decisions relating to the management and operation of the company and the timing and nature of any exit, which could result in the risks described in “—Our investment funds make investments in companies that we do not control.”
Any of these factors could increase the risk that our larger investments could be less successful. The consequences to our investment funds of an unsuccessful larger investment could be more severe given the size of the investment.
We often pursue investment opportunities that involve business, regulatory, legal or other complexities.
As an element of our investment style, we may pursue unusually complex investment opportunities. This can often take the form of substantial business, regulatory or legal complexity that would deter other investment managers. Our tolerance for complexity presents risks, as such transactions can be more difficult, expensive and time-consuming to finance and execute; it can be more difficult to manage or realize value from the assets acquired in such transactions; and such transactions sometimes entail a higher level of regulatory scrutiny or a greater risk of contingent liabilities. Any of these risks could harm the performance of our funds.
Our investment funds make investments in companies that we do not control.
Investments by most of our investment funds will include debt instruments and equity securities of companies that we do not control. Such instruments and securities may be acquired by our investment funds through trading activities or through purchases of securities from the issuer. In addition, our private equity and real estate funds may acquire minority equity interests (particularly in consortium transactions, as described in “—We have engaged in large-sized investments, which involve certain complexities and risks that are not encountered in small- and medium-sized investments”) and may also dispose of a portion of their majority equity investments in portfolio companies over time in a manner that results in the investment funds retaining a minority investment. Those investments will be subject to the risk that the company in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of the company may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the values of investments by our investment funds could decrease and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result.
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We expect to make investments in companies that are based outside of the United States, which may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in companies that are based in the United States.
Many of our investment funds generally invest a significant portion of their assets in the equity, debt, loans or other securities of issuers located outside the United States, and we expect that international investments will increase as a proportion of certain of our funds’ portfolios in the future. Investments in non-U.S. securities involve certain factors not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities, including risks relating to:
| • | currency exchange matters, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and costs associated with conversion of investment principal and income from one currency into another, |
| • | less developed or efficient financial markets than in the United States, which may lead to potential price volatility and relative illiquidity, |
| • | the absence of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements and less government supervision and regulation, |
| • | changes in laws or clarifications to existing laws that could impact our tax treaty positions, which could adversely impact the returns on our investments, |
| • | a less developed legal or regulatory environment, differences in the legal and regulatory environment or enhanced legal and regulatory compliance, |
| • | heightened exposure to corruption risk in non-U.S. markets, |
| • | political hostility to investments by foreign or private equity investors, |
| • | less publicly available information in respect of companies in non-U.S. markets, |
| • | reliance on a more limited number of commodity inputs, service providers and/or distribution mechanisms, |
| • | higher rates of inflation, |
| • | higher transaction costs, |
| • | difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations, |
| • | fewer investor protections, |
| • | certain economic and political risks, including potential exchange control regulations and restrictions on our non-U.S. investments and repatriation of profits on investments or of capital invested, the risks of political, economic or social instability, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation and adverse economic and political developments, and |
| • | the possible imposition of non-U.S. taxes or withholding on income and gains recognized with respect to such securities. |
There can be no assurance that adverse developments with respect to such risks will not adversely affect our assets that are held in certain countries or the returns from these assets.
We may not have sufficient cash to pay back “clawback” obligations if and when they are triggered under the governing agreements with our investors.
If, at the end of the life of a carry fund (or earlier with respect to certain of our real estate funds and multi-asset class investment funds), as a result of diminished performance of later investments in any carry fund’s life, the carry fund has not achieved investment returns that (in most cases) exceed the preferred return threshold or (in all cases) the general partner receives in excess of 20% (10% to 15% in the case of certain of our credit-focused and real estate debt carry funds, certain of our secondary funds of funds and certain multi-asset class investment funds) of the fund’s net profits over the life of the fund, we will be obligated to repay an amount
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equal to the extent to which carried interest that was previously distributed to us exceeds the amounts to which we are ultimately entitled. This obligation is known as a clawback obligation and is an obligation of any person who directly received such carried interest, including us and our employees who participate in our carried interest plans. Although a portion of any distributions by us to our unitholders may include any carried interest received by us, we do not intend to seek fulfillment of any clawback obligation by seeking to have our unitholders return any portion of such distributions attributable to carried interest associated with any clawback obligation. The clawback obligation operates with respect to a given carry fund’s own net investment performance only and performance fees of other funds are not netted for determining this contingent obligation. To the extent one or more clawback obligations were to occur for any one or more carry funds, we might not have available cash at the time such clawback obligation is triggered to repay the carried interest and satisfy such obligation. If we were unable to repay such carried interest, we would be in breach of the governing agreements with our investors and could be subject to liability. Moreover, although a clawback obligation is several, the governing agreements of most of our funds provide that to the extent another recipient of carried interest (such as a current or former employee) does not fund his or her respective share, then we and our employees who participate in such carried interest plans may have to fund additional amounts (generally up to an additional 50%) beyond what we actually received in carried interest, although we will retain the right to pursue any remedies that we have under such governing agreements against those carried interest recipients who fail to fund their obligations.
Investments by our investment funds will in most cases rank junior to investments made by others.
In most cases, the companies in which our investment funds invest will have indebtedness or equity securities, or may be permitted to incur indebtedness or to issue equity securities, that rank senior to our investment. By their terms, such instruments may provide that their holders are entitled to receive payments of dividends, interest or principal on or before the dates on which payments are to be made in respect of our investment. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a company in which an investment is made, holders of securities ranking senior to our investment would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before distributions could be made in respect of our investment. After repaying senior security holders, the company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying amounts owed in respect of our investment. To the extent that any assets remain, holders of claims that rank equally with our investment would be entitled to share on an equal and ratable basis in distributions that are made out of those assets. Also, during periods of financial distress or following an insolvency, the ability of our investment funds to influence a company’s affairs and to take actions to protect their investments may be substantially less than that of the senior creditors.
Investors in our hedge funds may redeem their investments in these funds. In addition, the investment management agreements related to our separately managed accounts may permit the investor to terminate our management of such account on short notice. Lastly, investors in our other investment funds have the right to cause these investment funds to be dissolved. Any of these events would lead to a decrease in our revenues, which could be substantial.
Investors in our hedge funds may generally redeem their investments on an annual, semi-annual or quarterly basis following the expiration of a specified period of time when capital may not be withdrawn (typically between one and three years), subject to the applicable fund’s specific redemption provisions. In a declining market, the pace of redemptions and consequent reduction in our assets under management could accelerate. The decrease in revenues that would result from significant redemptions in our hedge funds could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, net income and cash flows.
We currently manage a significant portion of investor assets through separately managed accounts whereby we earn management and incentive fees, and we intend to continue to seek additional separately managed account mandates. The investment management agreements we enter into in connection with managing separately managed accounts on behalf of certain clients may be terminated by such clients on as little as 30 days’ prior written notice. In addition, the boards of directors of the investment management companies we
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manage, or the adviser in respect of the registered business development company we sub-advise, could terminate our advisory engagement of those companies, on as little as 30 days’ prior written notice. In the case of any such terminations, the management and incentive fees we earn in connection with managing such account or company would immediately cease, which could result in a significant adverse impact on our revenues.
The governing agreements of all of our investment funds (with the exception of certain of our funds of hedge funds) provide that, subject to certain conditions, third party investors in those funds will have the right to remove the general partner of the fund or to accelerate the liquidation date of the investment fund without cause by a simple majority vote, resulting in a reduction in management fees we would earn from such investment funds and a significant reduction in the amounts of total carried interest and incentive fees from those funds. Carried interest and incentive fees could be significantly reduced as a result of our inability to maximize the value of investments by an investment fund during the liquidation process or in the event of the triggering of a “clawback” obligation. Finally, the applicable funds would cease to exist. In addition, the governing agreements of our investment funds provide that in the event certain “key persons” in our investment funds do not meet specified time commitments with regard to managing the fund (for example, both of Stephen A. Schwarzman and Hamilton E. James in the case of our private equity funds), then investors in certain funds have the right to vote to terminate the investment period by a simple majority vote in accordance with specified procedures, accelerate the withdrawal of their capital on an investor-by-investor basis, or the fund’s investment period will automatically terminate and the vote of a simple majority of investors is required to restart it. In addition to having a significant negative impact on our revenue, net income and cash flow, the occurrence of such an event with respect to any of our investment funds would likely result in significant reputational damage to us.
In addition, because all of our investment funds have advisers that are registered under the Advisers Act, the management agreements of all of our investment funds would be terminated upon an “assignment,” without investor consent, of these agreements, which may be deemed to occur in the event these advisers were to experience a change of control. We cannot be certain that consents required for assignments of our investment management agreements will be obtained if a change of control occurs. In addition, with respect to our publicly traded closed-end mutual funds, each investment fund’s investment management agreement must be approved annually by the independent members of such investment fund’s board of directors and, in certain cases, by its stockholders, as required by law. Termination of these agreements would cause us to lose the fees we earn from such investment funds.
Third party investors in our investment funds with commitment-based structures may not satisfy their contractual obligation to fund capital calls when requested by us, which could adversely affect a fund’s operations and performance.
Investors in all of our carry funds (and certain of our hedge funds) make capital commitments to those funds that we are entitled to call from those investors at any time during prescribed periods. We depend on investors fulfilling their commitments when we call capital from them in order for those funds to consummate investments and otherwise pay their obligations (for example, management fees) when due. We have not had investors fail to honor capital calls to any meaningful extent. Any investor that did not fund a capital call would generally be subject to several possible penalties, including having a significant amount of its existing investment forfeited in that fund. However, the impact of the penalty is directly correlated to the amount of capital previously invested by the investor in the fund and if an investor has invested little or no capital, for instance early in the life of the fund, then the forfeiture penalty may not be as meaningful. Investors may also negotiate for lesser or reduced penalties at the outset of the fund, thereby inhibiting our ability to enforce the funding of a capital call. If investors were to fail to satisfy a significant amount of capital calls for any particular fund or funds, the operation and performance of those funds could be materially and adversely affected.
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Certain policies and procedures implemented to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements may reduce the synergies across our various businesses.
Because of our various lines of asset management and advisory businesses, we will be subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest and subject to greater regulatory oversight than that to which we would otherwise be subject if we had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory requirements across our various businesses, we have implemented certain policies and procedures (for example, information walls) that may reduce the positive synergies that we cultivate across these businesses. For example, we may come into possession of material non-public information with respect to issuers in which we may be considering making an investment or issuers that are our advisory clients. As a consequence, we may be precluded from providing such information or other ideas to our other businesses that might be of benefit to them.
Our failure to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest in our investment business could damage our reputation and adversely affect our businesses.
As we have expanded and as we continue to expand the number and scope of our businesses, we increasingly confront potential conflicts of interest relating to our funds’ investment activities. A decision to acquire material non-public information about a company while pursuing an investment opportunity for a particular fund gives rise to a potential conflict of interest when it results in our having to restrict the ability of other funds to take any action. Certain of our funds may have overlapping investment objectives, including funds that have different fee structures, and potential conflicts may arise with respect to our decisions regarding how to allocate investment opportunities among those funds. For example, we may allocate an investment opportunity that is appropriate for two or more investment funds in a manner that excludes one or more funds or results in a disproportionate allocation based on factors or criteria that we determine, such as sourcing of the transaction, the relative amounts of capital available for investment in each fund, the nature and extent of involvement in the transaction on the part of the respective teams of investment professionals dedicated to the respective funds and other considerations deemed relevant by us. Also, our decision to pursue a fund investment opportunity could preclude our ability to obtain a related advisory assignment, and vice versa. We may also cause different private equity funds to invest in a single portfolio company, for example where the fund that made an initial investment no longer has capital available to invest. We may also cause different funds that we manage to purchase different classes of securities in the same portfolio company. For example, one of our CLO funds could acquire a debt security issued by the same company in which one of our private equity funds owns common equity securities. A direct conflict of interest could arise between the debt holders and the equity holders if such a company were to develop insolvency concerns, and that conflict would have to be carefully managed by us. In addition, conflicts of interest may exist in the valuation of our investments and regarding decisions about the allocation of specific investment opportunities among us and our funds and the allocation of fees and costs among us, our funds and their portfolio companies. Lastly, in certain, infrequent instances we may purchase an investment alongside one of our investment funds or sell an investment to one of our investment funds and conflicts may arise in respect of the allocation, pricing and timing of such investments and the ultimate disposition of such investments. To the extent we failed to appropriately deal with any such conflicts, it could negatively impact our reputation and ability to raise additional funds or result in potential litigation against us.
Risk management activities may adversely affect the return on our funds’ investments.
When managing our exposure to market risks, we may (on our own behalf or on behalf of our funds) from time to time use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments to limit our exposure to changes in the relative values of investments that may result from market developments, including changes in prevailing interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions generally will depend on our ability to correctly predict market changes, the degree of correlation between price movements of a derivative instrument, the position being hedged, the creditworthiness of the counterparty and other factors. As a result,
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while we may enter into a transaction in order to reduce our exposure to market risks, the transaction may result in poorer overall investment performance than if it had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases.
Our real estate funds are subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and the construction and development of real estate.
Investments in our real estate funds will be subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and real estate related businesses and assets. These risks include those associated with the burdens of ownership of real property, general and local economic conditions, changes in supply of and demand for competing properties in an area (as a result, for instance, of overbuilding), fluctuations in the average occupancy and room rates for hotel properties, the financial resources of tenants, changes in building, environmental and other laws, energy and supply shortages, various uninsured or uninsurable risks, natural disasters, changes in government regulations (such as rent control), changes in real property tax rates, changes in interest rates, the reduced availability of mortgage funds which may render the sale or refinancing of properties difficult or impracticable, negative developments in the economy that depress travel activity, environmental liabilities, contingent liabilities on disposition of assets, terrorist attacks, war and other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, if our real estate funds acquire direct or indirect interests in undeveloped land or underdeveloped real property, which may often be non-income producing, they will be subject to the risks normally associated with such assets and development activities, including risks relating to the availability and timely receipt of zoning and other regulatory or environmental approvals, the cost and timely completion of construction (including risks beyond the control of our fund, such as weather or labor conditions or material shortages) and the availability of both construction and permanent financing on favorable terms.
Certain of our investment funds may invest in securities of companies that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties, including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings. Such investments are subject to a greater risk of poor performance or loss.
Certain of our investment funds, especially our credit-focused funds, may invest in business enterprises involved in work-outs, liquidations, spin-offs, reorganizations, bankruptcies and similar transactions and may purchase high-risk receivables. An investment in such business enterprises entails the risk that the transaction in which such business enterprise is involved either will be unsuccessful, will take considerable time or will result in a distribution of cash or a new security the value of which will be less than the purchase price to the fund of the security or other financial instrument in respect of which such distribution is received. In addition, if an anticipated transaction does not in fact occur, the fund may be required to sell its investment at a loss. Investments in troubled companies may also be adversely affected by U.S. federal and state laws relating to, among other things, fraudulent conveyances, voidable preferences, lender liability and a bankruptcy court’s discretionary power to disallow, subordinate or disenfranchise particular claims. Investments in securities and private claims of troubled companies made in connection with an attempt to influence a restructuring proposal or plan of reorganization in a bankruptcy case may also involve substantial litigation. Because there is substantial uncertainty concerning the outcome of transactions involving financially troubled companies, there is a potential risk of loss by a fund of its entire investment in such company. Moreover, a major economic recession could have a materially adverse impact on the value of such securities. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the value and liquidity of securities rated below investment grade or otherwise adversely affect our reputation. In addition, in a recent 2013 federal Circuit Court case, the Court determined that a private equity fund could be liable for ERISA Title IV pension obligations (including withdrawal liability incurred with respect to union multiemployer plans) of its portfolio companies, if such fund is a “trade or business” and the fund’s ownership interest in the portfolio company is significant enough to bring the portfolio company within its “controlled group”. While a number of cases have held that managing investments is not a “trade or business” for tax purposes, the Circuit Court in this case concluded the a private equity fund could be a “trade or business” for ERISA purposes based on certain factors, including the fund’s level of involvement in the management of its portfolio companies and the nature of its management fee
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arrangements. The Circuit Court case did not conclude whether the fund in question and its portfolio companies were part of the same “controlled group”.
Certain of our fund investments may be concentrated in certain asset types or in a geographic region, which could exacerbate any negative performance of those funds to the extent those concentrated investments perform poorly.
The governing agreements of our investment funds contain only limited investment restrictions and only limited requirements as to diversification of fund investments, either by geographic region or asset type. For example, over 70% of the investments of our real estate funds (based on current fair values) are in office building, hotel and shopping center assets. During periods of difficult market conditions or slowdowns in these sectors, the decreased revenues, difficulty in obtaining access to financing and increased funding costs experienced by our real estate funds may be exacerbated by this concentration of investments, which would result in lower investment returns for our real estate funds.
Investments by our funds in the power and energy industries involve various operational, construction and regulatory risks that could adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
The development, operation and maintenance of power and energy generation facilities involves many risks, including, as applicable, labor issues, start-up risks, breakdown or failure of facilities, lack of sufficient capital to maintain the facilities, the dependence on a specific fuel source or the impact of unusual or adverse weather conditions or other natural events, as well as the risk of performance below expected levels of output, efficiency or reliability, the occurrence of any of which could result in lost revenues and/or increased expenses. In turn, such developments could impair a portfolio company’s ability to repay its debt or conduct its operations. We may also choose or be required to decommission a power generation facility or other asset. The decommissioning process could be protracted and result in the incurrence of significant financial and/or regulatory obligations or other uncertainties.
Our power and energy sector portfolio companies may also face construction risks typical for power generation and related infrastructure businesses. Such developments could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and, under certain circumstances, and could prevent completion of construction activities once undertaken. Delays in the completion of any power project may result in lost revenues or increased expenses, including higher operation and maintenance costs related to such portfolio company.
The power and energy sectors are the subject of substantial and complex laws, rules and regulation by various federal and state regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could result in the prevention of operation of certain facilities or the prevention of the sale of such a facility to a third party, as well as the loss of certain rate authority, refund liability, penalties and other remedies, all of which could result in additional costs to a portfolio company and adversely affect the investment results.
Our businesses that invest in the energy industry also focus on investments in businesses involved in oil and gas exploration and development, which can be a speculative business involving a high degree of risk, including:
| • | the use of new technologies, including hydraulic fracturing, |
| • | reliance on estimates of oil and gas reserves in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data for each reservoir, |
| • | encountering unexpected formations or pressures, premature declines of reservoirs, blow-outs, equipment failures and other accidents in completing wells and otherwise, cratering, sour gas releases, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas or well fluids, adverse weather conditions, pollution, fires, spills and other environmental risks, and |
| • | the volatility of oil and natural gas prices. |
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The financial projections of our portfolio companies could prove inaccurate.
Our funds generally establish the capital structure of portfolio companies on the basis of financial projections prepared by the management of such portfolio companies. These projected operating results will normally be based primarily on judgments of the management of the portfolio companies. In all cases, projections are only estimates of future results that are based upon assumptions made at the time that the projections are developed. General economic conditions, which are not predictable, along with other factors may cause actual performance to fall short of the financial projections that were used to establish a given portfolio company’s capital structure. Because of the leverage we typically employ in our investments, this could cause a substantial decrease in the value of our equity holdings in the portfolio company. The inaccuracy of financial projections could thus cause our funds’ performance to fall short of our expectations.
Contingent liabilities could harm fund performance.
We may cause our funds to acquire an investment that is subject to contingent liabilities. Such contingent liabilities could be unknown to us at the time of acquisition or, if they are known to us, we may not accurately assess or protect against the risks that they present. Acquired contingent liabilities could thus result in unforeseen losses for our funds. In addition, in connection with the disposition of an investment in a portfolio company, a fund may be required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of such portfolio company typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. A fund may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations are inaccurate. These arrangements may result in the incurrence of contingent liabilities by a fund, even after the disposition of an investment. Accordingly, the inaccuracy of representations and warranties made by a fund could harm such fund’s performance.
Our funds may be forced to dispose of investments at a disadvantageous time.
Our funds may make investments that they do not advantageously dispose of prior to the date the applicable fund is dissolved, either by expiration of such fund’s term or otherwise. Although we generally expect that investments will be disposed of prior to dissolution or be suitable for in-kind distribution at dissolution, and the general partners of the funds have only a limited ability to extend the term of the fund with the consent of fund investors or the advisory board of the fund, as applicable, our funds may have to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of investments at a disadvantageous time as a result of dissolution. This would result in a lower than expected return on the investments and, perhaps, on the fund itself.
Hedge fund investments are subject to numerous additional risks.
Investments by our funds of hedge funds in other hedge funds, as well as investments by our credit-focused and real estate debt hedge funds, are subject to numerous additional risks, including the following:
| • | Certain of the funds are newly established funds without any operating history or are managed by management companies or general partners who may not have as significant track records as an independent manager. |
| • | Generally, there are few limitations on the execution of the hedge funds’ investment strategies, which are subject to the sole discretion of the management company or the general partner of such funds. |
| • | Hedge funds may engage in short selling, which is subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how much the price of a security may appreciate before the short position is closed out. A fund may be subject to losses if a security lender demands return of the lent securities and an alternative lending source cannot be found or if the fund is otherwise unable to borrow securities that are necessary to hedge its positions. |
| • | Hedge funds are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with its terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether or not bona fide) |
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| or because of a credit or liquidity problem, thus causing the fund to suffer a loss. Counterparty risk is accentuated for contracts with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement, or where the fund has concentrated its transactions with a single or small group of counterparties. Generally, hedge funds are not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. Moreover, the funds’ internal consideration of the creditworthiness of their counterparties may prove insufficient. The absence of a regulated market to facilitate settlement may increase the potential for losses. |
| • | Credit risk may arise through a default by one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their liquidity or operational needs, so that a default by one institution causes a series of defaults by the other institutions. This “systemic risk” may adversely affect the financial intermediaries (such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges) with which the hedge funds interact on a daily basis. |
| • | The efficacy of investment and trading strategies depend largely on the ability to establish and maintain an overall market position in a combination of financial instruments. A hedge fund’s trading orders may not be executed in a timely and efficient manner due to various circumstances, including systems failures or human error. In such event, the funds might only be able to acquire some but not all of the components of the position, or if the overall position were to need adjustment, the funds might not be able to make such adjustment. As a result, the funds would not be able to achieve the market position selected by the management company or general partner of such funds, and might incur a loss in liquidating their position. |
| • | Hedge funds are subject to risks due to potential illiquidity of assets. Hedge funds may make investments or hold trading positions in markets that are volatile and which may become illiquid. Timely divestiture or sale of trading positions can be impaired by decreased trading volume, increased price volatility, concentrated trading positions, limitations on the ability to transfer positions in highly specialized or structured transactions to which they may be a party, and changes in industry and government regulations. It may be impossible or costly for hedge funds to liquidate positions rapidly in order to meet margin calls, withdrawal requests or otherwise, particularly if there are other market participants seeking to dispose of similar assets at the same time or the relevant market is otherwise moving against a position or in the event of trading halts or daily price movement limits on the market or otherwise. Moreover, these risks may be exacerbated for our funds of hedge funds. For example, if one of our funds of hedge funds were to invest a significant portion of its assets in two or more hedge funds that each had illiquid positions in the same issuer, the illiquidity risk for our funds of hedge funds would be compounded. For example, in 2008 many hedge funds, including some of our hedge funds, experienced significant declines in value. In many cases, these declines in value were both provoked and exacerbated by margin calls and forced selling of assets. Moreover, certain of our funds of hedge funds were invested in third party hedge funds that halted redemptions in the face of illiquidity and other issues, which precluded those funds of hedge funds from receiving their capital back on request. |
| • | Hedge fund investments are subject to risks relating to investments in commodities, futures, options and other derivatives, the prices of which are highly volatile and may be subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss in certain circumstances, including if the fund writes a call option. Price movements of commodities, futures and options contracts and payments pursuant to swap agreements are influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demand relationships, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments and national and international political and economic events and policies. The value of futures, options and swap agreements also depends upon the price of the commodities underlying them. In addition, hedge funds’ assets are subject to the risk of the failure of any of the exchanges on which their positions trade or of their clearinghouses or counterparties. Most U.S. commodities exchanges limit fluctuations in certain commodity interest prices during a single day by imposing “daily price fluctuation limits” or “daily limits,” the existence of which may reduce liquidity or effectively curtail trading in particular markets. |
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Risks Related to Our Financial Advisory Business
Financial advisory fees are not long-term contracted sources of revenue and are not predictable.
The fees earned by our financial advisory business are typically payable upon the successful completion of a particular transaction or restructuring. A decline in our financial advisory engagements or the market for advisory services would adversely affect our business.
Our financial advisory business operates in a highly competitive environment where typically there are no long-term contracted sources of revenue. Each revenue generating engagement typically is separately solicited, awarded and negotiated. In addition, many businesses do not routinely engage in transactions requiring our services. As a consequence, our fee-paying engagements with many clients are not predictable and high levels of financial advisory revenue in one quarter are not necessarily predictive of continued high levels of financial advisory revenue in future periods. In addition to the fact that most of our financial advisory engagements are single, non-recurring engagements, we lose clients each year as a result of a client’s decision to retain other financial advisors, the sale, merger or restructuring of a client, a change in a client’s senior management and various other causes. Moreover, in any given year our financial advisory engagements may be limited to a relatively smaller number of clients and an even smaller number of those clients may account for a disproportionate percentage of our financial advisory revenues in any such year. As a result, the adverse impact on our results of operations of one lost engagement or the failure of one transaction or restructuring on which we are advising to be completed could be significant. Revenue volumes in our financial advisory business tend to be affected by economic and capital market conditions, with greater merger activity—and therefore higher revenues in our financial and strategic advisory services business—generally occurring when the economy is growing, and more bankruptcies and restructurings—and therefore higher revenues in our Restructuring and Reorganization Advisory Services business—generally occurring in weak economic periods. Accordingly, our financial advisory revenue can fluctuate up or down considerably depending on economic conditions.
The fees earned by Park Hill Group, our fund placement business, are generally recognized by us for accounting purposes upon the successful subscription by an investor in a client’s fund and/or the closing of that fund. However, those fees are typically actually paid by a Park Hill Group client over a period of time (for example, two to three years) following such successful subscription by an investor in a client’s fund and/or the closing of that fund with interest. There is a risk that during that period of time, Park Hill Group may not be able to collect on all or a portion of the fees Park Hill is due for the placement services it has already provided to such client. For instance, a Park Hill client’s fund may be liquidated prior to the time that all or a portion of the fees due to Park Hill for its placement services are due to be paid. Moreover, to the extent fewer assets are raised for funds or interest by investors in alternative asset funds declines, the fees earned by Park Hill Group would be adversely affected.
We face strong competition from other financial advisory firms.
The financial advisory industry is intensely competitive, and we expect it to remain so. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of our employees, transaction execution, our products and services, innovation and reputation and price. We have always experienced intense competition over obtaining advisory mandates, and we may experience pricing pressures in our financial advisory business in the future as some of our competitors seek to obtain increased market share by reducing fees. Our primary competitors in our financial advisory business are large financial institutions, many of which have far greater financial and other resources and much broader client relationships than us and (unlike us) have the ability to offer a wide range of products, from loans, deposit taking and insurance to brokerage and a wide range of investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive position. They also have the ability to support investment banking, including financial advisory services, with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services and products in an effort to gain market share, which puts us at a competitive disadvantage and could result in pricing pressures that could materially adversely affect our revenue and profitability. In the current market environment, we are also seeing increased competition from independent boutique advisory firms focused primarily on
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mergers and acquisitions advisory and/or restructuring services. In addition, Park Hill Group operates in a highly competitive environment and the barriers to entry into the fund placement business are low.
Underwriting activities expose us to risks.
We act as an underwriter in securities offerings through Blackstone Advisory Partners L.P., a subsidiary of ours through which we conduct our financial advisory business. We may incur losses and be subject to reputational harm to the extent that, for any reason, we are unable to sell securities we purchased as an underwriter at the anticipated price levels. As an underwriter, we also are subject to liability for material misstatements or omissions in prospectuses and other offering documents relating to offerings we underwrite.
Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure
Our common unitholders do not elect our general partner or vote on our general partner’s directors and have limited ability to influence decisions regarding our business.
Our general partner, Blackstone Group Management L.L.C., which is owned by our senior managing directors, manages all of our operations and activities. Blackstone Group Management L.L.C. has a board of directors that is responsible for the oversight of our business and operations. Our general partner’s board of directors is elected in accordance with its limited liability company agreement, where our senior managing directors have agreed that our founder, Stephen A. Schwarzman, will have the power to appoint and remove the directors of our general partner. The limited liability company agreement of our general partner provides that at such time as Mr. Schwarzman should cease to be a founder, Hamilton E. James will thereupon succeed Mr. Schwarzman as the sole founding member of our general partner, and thereafter such power will revert to the members of our general partner (our senior managing directors) holding a majority in interest in our general partner.
Our common unitholders do not elect our general partner or its board of directors and, unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business and therefore limited ability to influence decisions regarding our business. Furthermore, if our common unitholders are dissatisfied with the performance of our general partner, they have little ability to remove our general partner. Our general partner may not be removed unless that removal is approved by the vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the voting power of our outstanding common units and special voting units (including common units and special voting units held by the general partner and its affiliates) and we receive an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability matters. As of December 31, 2013, Blackstone Partners L.L.C., an entity wholly owned by our personnel and others who are limited partners, had 52.9% of the voting power of The Blackstone Group L.P. limited partners. Therefore, our senior managing directors have the ability to remove or block any removal of our general partner and thus control The Blackstone Group L.P.
Blackstone personnel collectively own a controlling interest in us and will be able to determine the outcome of those few matters that may be submitted for a vote of the limited partners.
Our senior managing directors generally have sufficient voting power to determine the outcome of those few matters that may be submitted for a vote of the limited partners of The Blackstone Group L.P., including any attempt to remove our general partner.
Our common unitholders’ voting rights are further restricted by the provision in our partnership agreement stating that any common units held by a person that beneficially owns 20% or more of any class of The Blackstone Group L.P. common units then outstanding (other than our general partner and its affiliates, or a direct or subsequently approved transferee of our general partner or its affiliates) cannot be voted on any matter. In addition, our partnership agreement contains provisions limiting the ability of our common unitholders to call meetings or to acquire information about our operations, as well as other provisions limiting the ability of our common unitholders to influence the manner or direction of our management. Our partnership agreement also
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does not restrict our general partner’s ability to take actions that may result in our being treated as an entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal (and applicable state) income tax purposes. Furthermore, the common unitholders are not entitled to dissenters’ rights of appraisal under our partnership agreement or applicable Delaware law in the event of a merger or consolidation, a sale of substantially all of our assets or any other transaction or event. In addition, we have the right to acquire all of our then-outstanding common units if not more than 10% of our common units are held by persons other than our general partner and its affiliates.
As a result of these matters and the provisions referred to under “—Our common unitholders do not elect our general partner or vote on our general partner’s directors and have limited ability to influence decisions regarding our business”, our common unitholders may be deprived of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common units in the future through a sale of The Blackstone Group L.P., and the trading prices of our common units may be adversely affected by the absence or reduction of a takeover premium in the trading price.
We are a limited partnership and as a result fall within exceptions from certain corporate governance and other requirements under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.
We are a limited partnership and fall within exceptions from certain corporate governance and other requirements of the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Pursuant to these exceptions, limited partnerships may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, including the requirements (a) that a majority of the board of directors of our general partner consist of independent directors, (b) that we have a nominating/corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors (c) that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors, and (d) that the compensation committee be required to consider certain independence factors when engaging compensation consultants, legal counsel and other committee advisers. In addition, we are not required to hold annual meetings of our common unitholders. We will continue to avail ourselves of these exceptions. Accordingly, common unitholders generally do not have the same protections afforded to equityholders of entities that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.
Potential conflicts of interest may arise among our general partner, its affiliates and us. Our general partner and its affiliates have limited fiduciary duties to us and our common unitholders, which may permit them to favor their own interests to the detriment of us and our common unitholders.
Conflicts of interest may arise among our general partner and its affiliates, on the one hand, and us and our common unitholders, on the other hand. As a result of these conflicts, our general partner may favor its own interests and the interests of its affiliates over the interests of our common unitholders. These conflicts include, among others, the following:
| • | our general partner determines the amount and timing of our investments and dispositions, indebtedness, issuances of additional partnership interests and amounts of reserves, each of which can affect the amount of cash that is available for distribution to our common unitholders, |
| • | our general partner is allowed to take into account the interests of parties other than us in resolving conflicts of interest, which has the effect of limiting its duties (including fiduciary duties) to our common unitholders. For example, our subsidiaries that serve as the general partners of our investment funds have fiduciary and contractual obligations to the investors in those funds and certain of our subsidiaries engaged in our advisory business have contractual duties to their clients, as a result of which we expect to regularly take actions that might adversely affect our near-term results of operations or cash flow, |
| • | because our senior managing directors hold their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units directly or through entities that are not subject to corporate income taxation and The Blackstone Group L.P. holds Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units through wholly owned subsidiaries, some of which are subject to corporate income taxation, conflicts may arise between our senior managing directors and The Blackstone Group L.P. relating to the selection and structuring of investments, |
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| • | other than as set forth in the non-competition and non-solicitation agreements to which our senior managing directors are subject, which may not be enforceable, affiliates of our general partner and existing and former personnel employed by our general partner are not prohibited from engaging in other businesses or activities, including those that might be in direct competition with us, |
| • | our general partner has limited its liability and reduced or eliminated its duties (including fiduciary duties) under the partnership agreement, while also restricting the remedies available to our common unitholders for actions that, without these limitations, might constitute breaches of duty (including fiduciary duty). In addition, we have agreed to indemnify our general partner and its affiliates to the fullest extent permitted by law, except with respect to conduct involving bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct. By purchasing our common units, common unitholders will have agreed and consented to the provisions set forth in our partnership agreement, including the provisions regarding conflicts of interest situations that, in the absence of such provisions, might constitute a breach of fiduciary or other duties under applicable state law, |
| • | our partnership agreement does not restrict our general partner from causing us to pay it or its affiliates for any services rendered, or from entering into additional contractual arrangements with any of these entities on our behalf, so long as the terms of any such additional contractual arrangements are fair and reasonable to us as determined under the partnership agreement, |
| • | our general partner determines how much debt we incur and that decision may adversely affect our credit ratings, |
| • | our general partner determines which costs incurred by it and its affiliates are reimbursable by us, |
| • | our general partner controls the enforcement of obligations owed to us by it and its affiliates, and |
| • | our general partner decides whether to retain separate counsel, accountants or others to perform services for us. |
See “Part III. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” and “Part III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Partnership Management and Governance—Conflicts Committee.”
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that reduce or eliminate duties (including fiduciary duties) of our general partner and limit remedies available to common unitholders for actions that might otherwise constitute a breach of duty. It will be difficult for a common unitholder to successfully challenge a resolution of a conflict of interest by our general partner or by its conflicts committee.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that waive or consent to conduct by our general partner and its affiliates that might otherwise raise issues about compliance with fiduciary duties or applicable law. For example, our partnership agreement provides that when our general partner is acting in its individual capacity, as opposed to in its capacity as our general partner, it may act without any fiduciary obligations to us or our common unitholders whatsoever. When our general partner, in its capacity as our general partner, is permitted to or required to make a decision in its “sole discretion” or “discretion” or that it deems “necessary or appropriate” or “necessary or advisable,” then our general partner is entitled to consider only such interests and factors as it desires, including its own interests, and has no duty or obligation (fiduciary or otherwise) to give any consideration to any interest of or factors affecting us or any limited partners and will not be subject to any different standards imposed by the partnership agreement, the Delaware Limited Partnership Act or under any other law, rule or regulation or in equity. These modifications of fiduciary duties are expressly permitted by Delaware law. Hence, we and our common unitholders only have recourse and are able to seek remedies against our general partner if our general partner breaches its obligations pursuant to our partnership agreement. Unless our general partner breaches its obligations pursuant to our partnership agreement, we and our common unitholders do not have any recourse against our general partner even if our general partner were to act in a
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manner that was inconsistent with traditional fiduciary duties. Furthermore, even if there has been a breach of the obligations set forth in our partnership agreement, our partnership agreement provides that our general partner and its officers and directors are not liable to us or our common unitholders for errors of judgment or for any acts or omissions unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that the general partner or its officers and directors acted in bad faith or engaged in fraud or willful misconduct. These modifications are detrimental to the common unitholders because they restrict the remedies available to common unitholders for actions that without those limitations might constitute breaches of duty (including fiduciary duty).
Whenever a potential conflict of interest exists between us and our general partner, our general partner may resolve such conflict of interest. If our general partner determines that its resolution of the conflict of interest is on terms no less favorable to us than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties or is fair and reasonable to us, taking into account the totality of the relationships between us and our general partner, then it will be presumed that in making this determination, our general partner acted in good faith. A common unitholder seeking to challenge this resolution of the conflict of interest would bear the burden of overcoming such presumption. This is different from the situation with Delaware corporations, where a conflict resolution by an interested party would be presumed to be unfair and the interested party would have the burden of demonstrating that the resolution was fair.
Also, if our general partner obtains the approval of the conflicts committee of our general partner, the resolution will be conclusively deemed to be fair and reasonable to us and not a breach by our general partner of any duties it may owe to us or our common unitholders. This is different from the situation with Delaware corporations, where a conflict resolution by a committee consisting solely of independent directors may, in certain circumstances, merely shift the burden of demonstrating unfairness to the plaintiff. Common unitholders, in purchasing our common units, are deemed as having consented to the provisions set forth in the partnership agreement, including provisions regarding conflicts of interest situations that, in the absence of such provisions, might be considered a breach of fiduciary or other duties under applicable state law. As a result, common unitholders will, as a practical matter, not be able to successfully challenge an informed decision by the conflicts committee. See “Part III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Partnership Management and Governance—Conflicts Committee.”
The control of our general partner may be transferred to a third party without common unitholder consent.
Our general partner may transfer its general partner interest to a third party in a merger or consolidation without the consent of our common unitholders. Furthermore, at any time, the members of our general partner may sell or transfer all or part of their limited liability company interests in our general partner without the approval of the common unitholders, subject to certain restrictions as described elsewhere in this annual report. A new general partner may not be willing or able to form new investment funds and could form funds that have investment objectives and governing terms that differ materially from those of our current investment funds. A new owner could also have a different investment philosophy, employ investment professionals who are less experienced, be unsuccessful in identifying investment opportunities or have a track record that is not as successful as Blackstone’s track record. If any of the foregoing were to occur, we could experience difficulty in making new investments, and the value of our existing investments, our business, our results of operations and our financial condition could materially suffer.
We intend to pay regular distributions to our common unitholders, but our ability to do so may be limited by cash flow from operations and available liquidity, our holding partnership structure, applicable provisions of Delaware law and contractual restrictions.
Our current intention is to distribute to common unitholders each quarter substantially all of our Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders, subject to a base quarterly distribution of $0.12 per unit. Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders is The Blackstone Group L.P.’s share of Distributable
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Earnings, less realized investment gains and returns of capital from investments and acquisitions, in excess of amounts determined by Blackstone’s general partner to be necessary or appropriate to provide for the conduct of its business, to make appropriate investments in our business and our funds, to comply with applicable law, any of our debt instruments or other agreements, or to provide for future cash requirements such as tax-related payments, clawback obligations and distributions to our unitholders for any ensuing quarter.
In circumstances in which the Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders for a quarter falls short of the amount necessary to support the base distribution of $0.12 per unit, Blackstone intends to correspondingly reduce subsequent quarterly distributions below the amounts supported by the Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders by the amount of the shortfall, but not below $0.12 per unit.
All of the foregoing is subject to the qualification that the declaration and payment of any distributions are at the sole discretion of our general partner, and our general partner may change our distribution policy at any time, including, without limitation, to reduce the quarterly distribution payable to common unitholders to less than $0.12 per unit or even to eliminate such distributions entirely.
The Blackstone Group L.P. is a holding partnership and has no material assets other than the ownership of the partnership units in Blackstone Holdings held through wholly owned subsidiaries. The Blackstone Group L.P. has no independent means of generating revenue. Accordingly, we intend to cause Blackstone Holdings to make distributions to its partners, including The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries, to fund any distributions The Blackstone Group L.P. may declare on the common units.
Our ability to make cash distributions to our unitholders will depend on a number of factors, including among others general economic and business conditions, our strategic plans and prospects, our business and investment opportunities, our financial condition and operating results, working capital requirements and anticipated cash needs, contractual restrictions and obligations including fulfilling our current and future capital commitments, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, restrictions and other implications on the payment of distributions by us to our common unitholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our general partner may deem relevant.
Under the Delaware Limited Partnership Act, we may not make a distribution to a partner if after the distribution all our liabilities, other than liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of the partnership, would exceed the fair value of our assets. If we were to make such an impermissible distribution, any limited partner who received a distribution and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the Delaware Limited Partnership Act would be liable to us for the amount of the distribution for three years. In addition, the terms of our revolving credit facility or other financing arrangements may from time to time include covenants or other restrictions that could constrain our ability to make distributions.
The amortization of finite-lived intangible assets and non-cash equity-based compensation results in substantial expenses that may increase the net loss we record in certain periods or cause us to record a net loss in periods during which we would otherwise have recorded net income.
As part of the reorganization related to our IPO we acquired interests in our business from our predecessor owners. This transaction has been accounted for partially as a transfer of interests under common control and partially as an acquisition of non-controlling interests. We accounted for the acquisition of the non-controlling interests using the purchase method of accounting, and reflected the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as goodwill and other intangible assets on our statement of financial condition. As of December 31, 2013, we have $560.7 million of finite-lived intangible assets (in addition to $1.8 billion of goodwill), net of accumulated amortization. These finite-lived intangible assets are from the IPO and other business transactions. We are amortizing these finite-lived intangibles over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to twenty years, using the straight-line method, with a
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weighted-average remaining amortization period of 7.4 years as of December 31, 2013. In addition, as part of the reorganization at the time of our IPO, Blackstone personnel received an aggregate of 827,516,625 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units, of which 439,711,537 were unvested. The grant date fair value of the unvested Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units (which was $31) is being charged to expense as the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units vest over the assumed service periods, which range up to eight years, on a straight-line basis. The amortization of these finite-lived intangible assets and of this non-cash equity-based compensation will increase our expenses substantially during the relevant periods. These expenses may increase the net loss we record in certain periods or cause us to record a net loss in periods during which we would otherwise have recorded net income.
We are required to pay our senior managing directors for most of the benefits relating to any additional tax depreciation or amortization deductions we may claim as a result of the tax basis step-up we received as part of the reorganization we implemented in connection with our IPO or receive in connection with future exchanges of our common units and related transactions.
As part of the reorganization we implemented in connection with our IPO, we purchased interests in our business from our pre-IPO owners. In addition, holders of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings (other than The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries), subject to the vesting and minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions set forth in the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships, may up to four times each year (subject to the terms of the exchange agreement) exchange their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units for The Blackstone Group L.P. common units on a one-for-one basis. A Blackstone Holdings limited partner must exchange one partnership unit in each of the four Blackstone Holdings Partnerships to effect an exchange for a common unit. The purchase and subsequent exchanges are expected to result in increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Blackstone Holdings that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis may increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization and therefore reduce the amount of tax that certain of The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries that are taxable as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which we refer to as the “corporate taxpayers,” would otherwise be required to pay in the future, although the IRS may challenge all or part of that tax basis increase, and a court could sustain such a challenge.
One of the corporate taxpayers has entered into a tax receivable agreement with our senior managing directors and other pre-IPO owners that provides for the payment by the corporate taxpayer to the counterparties of 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that the corporate taxpayers actually realize as a result of these increases in tax basis and of certain other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement. In addition, additional tax receivable agreements have been executed, and others may continue to be executed, with newly admitted Blackstone senior managing directors and certain others who receive Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. This payment obligation is an obligation of the corporate taxpayer and not of Blackstone Holdings. As such, the cash distributions to public common unitholders may vary from holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units (held by Blackstone personnel and others) to the extent payments are made under the tax receivable agreements to selling holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. As the payments reflect actual tax savings received by Blackstone entities, there may be a timing difference between the tax savings received by Blackstone entities and the cash payments to selling holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. While the actual increase in tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under this agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges, the price of our common units at the time of the exchange, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable and the amount and timing of our income, we expect that as a result of the size of the increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Blackstone Holdings, the payments that we may make under the tax receivable agreements will be substantial. The payments under a tax receivable agreement are not conditioned upon a tax receivable agreement counterparty’s continued ownership of us. We may need to incur debt to finance payments under the tax receivable agreement to the extent our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the tax receivable agreements as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise.
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Although we are not aware of any issue that would cause the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, the tax receivable agreement counterparties will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the tax receivable agreement. As a result, in certain circumstances payments to the counterparties under the tax receivable agreement could be in excess of the corporate taxpayers’ actual cash tax savings. The corporate taxpayers’ ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increase, and the payments to be made under the tax receivable agreements, will depend upon a number of factors, as discussed above, including the timing and amount of our future income.
If The Blackstone Group L.P. were deemed an “investment company” under the 1940 Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
An entity will generally be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the 1940 Act if: (a) it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or (b) absent an applicable exemption, it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We believe that we are engaged primarily in the business of providing asset management and financial advisory services and not in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. We also believe that the primary source of income from each of our businesses is properly characterized as income earned in exchange for the provision of services. We hold ourselves out as an asset management and financial advisory firm and do not propose to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that The Blackstone Group L.P. is an “orthodox” investment company as defined in section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act and described in clause (a) in the first sentence of this paragraph. Furthermore, The Blackstone Group L.P. does not have any material assets other than its equity interests in certain wholly owned subsidiaries, which in turn will have no material assets (other than intercompany debt) other than general partner interests in the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. These wholly owned subsidiaries are the sole general partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships and are vested with all management and control over the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. We do not believe the equity interests of The Blackstone Group L.P. in its wholly owned subsidiaries or the general partner interests of these wholly owned subsidiaries in the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships are investment securities. Moreover, because we believe that the capital interests of the general partners of our funds in their respective funds are neither securities nor investment securities, we believe that less than 40% of The Blackstone Group L.P.’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis are comprised of assets that could be considered investment securities. Accordingly, we do not believe The Blackstone Group L.P. is an inadvertent investment company by virtue of the 40% test in section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act as described in clause (b) in the first sentence of this paragraph. In addition, we believe The Blackstone Group L.P. is not an investment company under section 3(b)(1) of the 1940 Act because it is primarily engaged in a non-investment company business.
The 1940 Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed parameters for the organization and operation of investment companies. Among other things, the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, generally prohibit the issuance of options and impose certain governance requirements. We intend to conduct our operations so that The Blackstone Group L.P. will not be deemed to be an investment company under the 1940 Act. If anything were to happen which would cause The Blackstone Group L.P. to be deemed to be an investment company under the 1940 Act, requirements imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our capital structure, ability to transact business with affiliates (including us) and ability to compensate key employees, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as currently conducted, impair the agreements and arrangements between and among The Blackstone Group L.P., Blackstone Holdings and our senior managing directors, or any combination thereof, and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be required to limit the amount of investments that we make as a principal or otherwise conduct our business in a manner that does not subject us to the registration and other requirements of the 1940 Act.
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Risks Related to Our Common Units
Our common unit price may decline due to the large number of common units eligible for future sale and for exchange.
The market price of our common units could decline as a result of sales of a large number of common units in the market in the future or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell common units in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. We had a total of 500,887,343 voting common units outstanding as of February 21, 2014. Subject to the lock-up restrictions described below, we may issue and sell in the future additional common units. Limited partners of Blackstone Holdings owned an aggregate of 541,286,627 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units outstanding as of February 21, 2014. In connection with our initial public offering, we entered into an exchange agreement with holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units (other than The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries) so that these holders, subject to the vesting and minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions set forth in the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships, may up to four times each year (subject to the terms of the exchange agreement) exchange their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units for The Blackstone Group L.P. common units on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for splits, unit distributions and reclassifications. A Blackstone Holdings limited partner must exchange one partnership unit in each of the four Blackstone Holdings Partnerships to effect an exchange for a common unit. The common units we issue upon such exchanges would be “restricted securities,” as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, unless we register such issuances. However, we have entered into a registration rights agreement with the limited partners of Blackstone Holdings that requires us to register these common units under the Securities Act and we have filed registration statements that cover the delivery of common units issued upon exchange of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. See “Part III. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence—Transactions with Related Persons—Registration Rights Agreement”. While the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships and related agreements contractually restrict the ability of Blackstone personnel to transfer the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units or The Blackstone Group L.P. common units they hold and require that they maintain a minimum amount of equity ownership during their employ by us, these contractual provisions may lapse over time or be waived, modified or amended at any time.
In addition, in June 2007, we entered into an agreement with Beijing Wonderful Investments, an investment vehicle established and controlled by The People’s Republic of China, pursuant to which we sold to it 101,334,234 non-voting common units for $3.00 billion at a purchase price per common unit of $29.605. Beijing Wonderful Investments is able to sell these common units subject, with respect to a portion of the units, to certain transfer restrictions. We have agreed to provide Beijing Wonderful Investments with registration rights to effect certain sales.
As of February 21, 2014, we had granted 27,899,431 outstanding deferred restricted common units and 24,926,862 outstanding deferred restricted Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units, which are subject to specified vesting requirements, to our non-senior managing director professionals and senior managing directors under The Blackstone Group L.P. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (“2007 Equity Incentive Plan”). The aggregate number of common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan is increased on the first day of each fiscal year during its term by a number of units equal to the positive difference, if any, of (a) 15% of the aggregate number of common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year (excluding Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units held by The Blackstone Group L.P. or its wholly owned subsidiaries) minus (b) the aggregate number of common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan as of such date (unless the administrator of the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan should decide to increase the number of common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by the plan by a lesser amount). An aggregate of 162,916,667 additional common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units were available for grant under our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan as of February 21, 2014. We have filed a registration statement and intend to file additional registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register common units covered by our
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2007 Equity Incentive Plan (including pursuant to automatic annual increases). Any such Form S-8 registration statement will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, common units registered under such registration statement will be available for sale in the open market.
In addition, our partnership agreement authorizes us to issue an unlimited number of additional partnership securities and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to partnership securities for the consideration and on the terms and conditions established by our general partner in its sole discretion without the approval of any limited partners. In accordance with the Delaware Limited Partnership Act and the provisions of our partnership agreement, we may also issue additional partnership interests that have certain designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties that are different from, and may be senior to, those applicable to common units. Similarly, the Blackstone Holdings partnership agreements authorize the wholly owned subsidiaries of The Blackstone Group L.P. which are the general partners of those partnerships to issue an unlimited number of additional partnership securities of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties that are different from, and may be senior to, those applicable to the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units, and which may be exchangeable for our common units.
The market price of our common units may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.
Securities markets worldwide experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could reduce the market price of common units in spite of our operating performance. In addition, our operating results could be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors, and in response the market price of our common units could decrease significantly. You may be unable to resell your common units at or above the price you paid for them.
Risks Related to United States Taxation
Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of common unitholders depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. The U.S. federal income tax rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or “IRS,” and the U.S. Treasury Department, frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations and other modifications and interpretations. The IRS pays close attention to the proper application of tax laws to partnerships. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our common units may be modified by administrative, legislative or judicial interpretation at any time, and any such action may affect investments and commitments previously made. Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations thereof could make it more difficult or impossible to meet the exception for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not taxable as a corporation (referred to as the “Qualifying Income Exception”), affect or cause us to change our investments and commitments, affect the tax considerations of an investment in us, change the character or treatment of portions of our income (including, for instance, the treatment of carried interest as ordinary income rather than capital gain) and adversely affect an investment in our common units. For example, as discussed above under “—The U.S. Congress has considered legislation that, if enacted, would have (a) for taxable years beginning ten years after the date of enactment, precluded us from qualifying as a partnership or required us to hold carried interest through taxable subsidiary corporations and (b) taxed individual holders of common units with respect to certain income and gains at increased rates. If any similar legislation were to be enacted and apply to us, we could incur a material increase in our tax liability and a substantial portion of our income could be taxed at a higher rate to the individual holders of our common units”, the U.S. Congress recently considered various legislative proposals to treat all or part of the capital gain and
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dividend income that is recognized by an investment partnership and allocable to a partner affiliated with the sponsor of the partnership (i.e., a portion of the carried interest) as ordinary income to such partner for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Our organizational documents and governing agreements permit our general partner to modify our amended and restated limited partnership agreement from time to time, without the consent of the common unitholders, to address certain changes in U.S. federal income tax regulations, legislation or interpretation. In some circumstances, such revisions could have a material adverse impact on some or all common unitholders. Moreover, we will apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with applicable rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to common unitholders in a manner that reflects such common unitholders’ beneficial ownership of partnership items, taking into account variation in unitholder ownership interests during each taxable year because of trading activity. More specifically, our allocations of items of taxable income and loss between transferors and transferees of our units will be determined annually, will be prorated on a monthly basis and will be subsequently apportioned among the unitholders in proportion to the number of units owned by each of them determined as of the opening of trading of our units on the New York Stock Exchange on the first business day of every month. As a result, a unitholder transferring units may be allocated income, gain, loss and deductions realized after the date of transfer. However, those assumptions and conventions may not be in compliance with all aspects of applicable tax requirements. It is possible that the IRS will assert successfully that the conventions and assumptions used by us do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and/or Treasury regulations and could require that items of income, gain, deductions, loss or credit, including interest deductions, be adjusted, reallocated or disallowed in a manner that adversely affects common unitholders.
If we were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax or state tax purposes, then our distributions to our common unitholders would be substantially reduced and the value of our common units would be adversely affected.
The value of our common units depends in part on our being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which requires that 90% or more of our gross income for every taxable year consist of qualifying income, as defined in Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code and that The Blackstone Group L.P. not be registered under the 1940 Act. Qualifying income generally includes dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks and securities and certain other forms of investment income. We may not meet these requirements or current law may change so as to cause, in either event, us to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax. Moreover, the anticipated after-tax benefit of an investment in our common units depends largely on our being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on this or any other matter affecting us.
If we were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at the corporate tax rate. Distributions to our common unitholders would generally be taxed again as corporate distributions, and no income, gains, losses, deductions or credits would flow through to you. Because a tax would be imposed upon us as a corporation, our distributions to our common unitholders would be substantially reduced, likely causing a substantial reduction in the value of our common units.
Current law may change, causing us to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal or state income tax purposes or otherwise subjecting us to entity level taxation. See “—The U.S. Congress has considered legislation that, if enacted, would have (a) for taxable years beginning ten years after the date of enactment, precluded us from qualifying as a partnership or required us to hold carried interest through taxable subsidiary corporations and (b) taxed individual holders of common units with respect to certain income and gains at increased rates. If any similar legislation were to be enacted and apply to us, we could incur a material increase in our tax liability and a substantial portion of our income could be taxed at a higher rate to the individual holders of our common units.” For example, because of widespread state budget deficits, several states are evaluating ways to subject
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partnerships to entity level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise or other forms of taxation. If any state were to impose a tax upon us as an entity, our distributions to our common unitholders would be reduced.
Our common unitholders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their share of our taxable income, regardless of whether they receive any cash distributions from us.
As long as 90% of our gross income for each taxable year constitutes qualifying income as defined in Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code and we are not required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act on a continuing basis, we will be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a partnership and not as an association or a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation. Accordingly, each unitholder will be required to take into account its allocable share of items of income, gain, loss and deduction of the Partnership. Distributions to a unitholder will generally be taxable to the unitholder for U.S. federal income tax purposes only to the extent the amount distributed exceeds the unitholder’s tax basis in the unit. That treatment contrasts with the treatment of a shareholder in a corporation. For example, a shareholder in a corporation who receives a distribution of earnings from the corporation will generally report the distribution as dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In contrast, a holder of our units who receives a distribution of earnings from us will not report the distribution as dividend income (and will treat the distribution as taxable only to the extent the amount distributed exceeds the unitholder’s tax basis in the units), but will instead report the holder’s allocable share of items of our income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, our common unitholders may be subject to U.S. federal, state, local and possibly, in some cases, foreign income taxation on their allocable share of our items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit (including our allocable share of those items of any entity in which we invest that is treated as a partnership or is otherwise subject to tax on a flow through basis) for each of our taxable years ending with or within your taxable year, regardless of whether or not a common unitholder receives cash distributions from us.
Our common unitholders may not receive cash distributions equal to their allocable share of our net taxable income or even the tax liability that results from that income. In addition, certain of our holdings, including holdings, if any, in a Controlled Foreign Corporation, or “CFC,” and a Passive Foreign Investment Company, or “PFIC,” may produce taxable income prior to the receipt of cash relating to such income, and common unitholders that are U.S. taxpayers will be required to take such income into account in determining their taxable income. In the event of an inadvertent termination of our partnership status for which the IRS has granted us limited relief, each holder of our common units may be obligated to make such adjustments as the IRS may require to maintain our status as a partnership. Such adjustments may require persons holding our common units to recognize additional amounts in income during the years in which they hold such units.
The Blackstone Group L.P.’s interest in certain of our businesses are held through Blackstone Holdings I/II GP Inc. or Blackstone Holdings IV GP L.P., which are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes; such corporations may be liable for significant taxes and may create other adverse tax consequences, which could potentially adversely affect the value of your investment.
In light of the publicly traded partnership rules under U.S. federal income tax law and other requirements, The Blackstone Group L.P. holds its interest in certain of our businesses through Blackstone Holdings I/II GP Inc. or Blackstone Holdings IV GP L.P., which are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Each such corporation could be liable for significant U.S. federal income taxes and applicable state, local and other taxes that would not otherwise be incurred, which could adversely affect the value of our common units.
Complying with certain tax-related requirements may cause us to invest through foreign or domestic corporations subject to corporate income tax or enter into acquisitions, borrowings, financings or arrangements we may not have otherwise entered into.
In order for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and not as an association or publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, we must meet the Qualifying Income Exception discussed
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above on a continuing basis and we must not be required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. In order to effect such treatment, we (or our subsidiaries) may be required to invest through foreign or domestic corporations subject to corporate income tax, or enter into acquisitions, borrowings, financings or other transactions we may not have otherwise entered into. This may adversely affect our ability to operate solely to maximize our cash flow.
Tax gain or loss on disposition of our common units could be more or less than expected.
If a holder of our common units sells the common units it holds, it will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the adjusted tax basis in those common units. Prior distributions to such common unitholder in excess of the total net taxable income allocated to such common unitholder, which decreased the tax basis in its common units, will in effect become taxable income to such common unitholder if the common units are sold at a price greater than such common unitholder’s tax basis in those common units, even if the price is less than the original cost. A portion of the amount realized, whether or not representing gain, may be ordinary income to such common unitholder.
If we were not to make, or cause to be made, an otherwise available election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code to adjust our asset basis or the asset basis of certain of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships, a holder of common units could be allocated more taxable income in respect of those common units prior to disposition than if such an election were made.
We currently do not intend to make, or cause to be made, an election to adjust asset basis under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code with respect to us, Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. If no such election is made, there will generally be no adjustment to the basis of the assets of Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. upon our acquisition of interests in Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. in connection with our initial public offering, or to our assets or to the assets of Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. upon a subsequent transferee’s acquisition of common units from a prior holder of such common units, even if the purchase price for those interests or units, as applicable, is greater than the share of the aggregate tax basis of our assets or the assets of Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. attributable to those interests or units immediately prior to the acquisition. Consequently, upon a sale of an asset by us, Blackstone Holdings III L.P. or Blackstone Holdings IV L.P., gain allocable to a holder of common units could include built-in gain in the asset existing at the time we acquired those interests, or such holder acquired such units, which built-in gain would otherwise generally be eliminated if a Section 754 election had been made.
Non-U.S. persons face unique U.S. tax issues from owning common units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them.
In light of our investment activities, we will be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may cause some portion of our income to be treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders, or “ECI.” Moreover, dividends paid by an investment that we make in a real estate investment trust, or “REIT,” that are attributable to gains from the sale of U.S. real property interests and sales of certain investments in interests in U.S. real property, including stock of certain U.S. corporations owning significant U.S. real property, may be treated as ECI with respect to non-U.S. holders. In addition, certain income of non-U.S. holders from U.S. sources not connected to any such U.S. trade or business conducted by us could be treated as ECI. To the extent our income is treated as ECI, non-U.S. holders generally would be subject to withholding tax on their allocable shares of such income, would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return for such year reporting their allocable shares of income effectively connected with such trade or business and any other income treated as ECI, and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular U.S. tax rates on any such income (state and local income taxes and filings may also apply in that event). Non-U.S. holders that are corporations may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax on their allocable share of such income. In addition, certain income from U.S. sources that is not ECI allocable to non-U.S. holders may be reduced by withholding taxes imposed at the highest effective applicable tax rate.
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Tax-exempt entities face unique tax issues from owning common units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them.
In light of our investment activities, we will be treated as deriving income that constitutes “unrelated business taxable income,” or “UBTI.” Consequently, a holder of common units that is a tax-exempt organization may be subject to “unrelated business income tax” to the extent that its allocable share of our income consists of UBTI. A tax-exempt partner of a partnership could be treated as earning UBTI if the partnership regularly engages in a trade or business that is unrelated to the exempt function of the tax-exempt partner, if the partnership derives income from debt-financed property or if the partnership interest itself is debt-financed.
We cannot match transferors and transferees of common units, and we have therefore adopted certain income tax accounting positions that may not conform with all aspects of applicable tax requirements. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of our common units.
Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of common units, we have adopted depreciation, amortization and other tax accounting positions that may not conform with all aspects of existing Treasury regulations. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to our common unitholders. It also could affect the timing of these tax benefits or the amount of gain on the sale of common units and could have a negative impact on the value of our common units or result in audits of and adjustments to our common unitholders’ tax returns.
The sale or exchange of 50% or more of our capital and profit interests will result in the termination of our partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We will be considered to have been terminated for U.S. federal income tax purposes if there is a sale or exchange of 50% or more of the total interests in our capital and profits within a 12-month period. Our termination would, among other things, result in the closing of our taxable year for all common unitholders and could result in a deferral of depreciation deductions allowable in computing our taxable income.
Common unitholders will be subject to state and local taxes and return filing requirements as a result of investing in our common units.
In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, our common unitholders are subject to other taxes, including state and local taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we do business or own property now or in the future, even if our common unitholders do not reside in any of those jurisdictions. Our common unitholders are likely to be required to file state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in some or all of these jurisdictions. Further, common unitholders may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. It is the responsibility of each common unitholder to file all U.S. federal, state and local tax returns that may be required of such common unitholder. Our counsel has not rendered an opinion on the state or local tax consequences of an investment in our common units.
We do not expect to be able to furnish to each unitholder specific tax information within 90 days after the close of each calendar year, which means that holders of common units who are U.S. taxpayers should anticipate the need to file annually a request for an extension of the due date of their income tax return. In addition, it is possible that common unitholders may be required to file amended income tax returns.
It will most likely require longer than 90 days after the end of our fiscal year to obtain the requisite information from all lower-tier entities so that K-1s may be prepared for the Partnership. For this reason, holders of common units who are U.S. taxpayers should anticipate the need to file annually with the IRS (and certain states) a request for an extension past April 15 or the otherwise applicable due date of their income tax return for the taxable year. In addition, it is possible that a common unitholder will be required to file amended income tax returns as a result of adjustments to items on the corresponding income tax returns of the partnership. Any obligation for a unitholder to file amended income tax returns for that or any other reason, including any costs incurred in the preparation or filing of such returns, are the responsibility of each common unitholder.
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Certain U.S. holders of common units are subject to additional tax on “net investment income.”
U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts are subject to a Medicare tax of 3.8% on “net investment income” (or undistributed “net investment income,” in the case of estates and trusts) for each taxable year, with such tax applying to the lesser of such income or the excess of such person’s adjusted gross income (with certain adjustments) over a specified amount. Net investment income includes net income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties and rents and net gain attributable to the disposition of investment property. It is anticipated that net income and gain attributable to an investment in the Partnership will be included in a U.S. holder’s “net investment income” subject to this Medicare tax.
| ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
None.
| ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES |
Our principal executive offices are located in leased office space at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York. As of December 31, 2013, we lease our offices in Atlanta, Beijing, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Dubai, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Houston, Istanbul, London, Los Angeles, Menlo Park, Mumbai, Paris, San Francisco, Santa Monica, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo. We do not own any real property. We consider these facilities to be suitable and adequate for the management and operations of our business.
| ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |
We may from time to time be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. Our businesses are also subject to extensive regulation, which may result in regulatory proceedings against us. See “—Item 1A. Risk Factors” above. We are not currently subject to any pending judicial, administrative or arbitration proceedings that we expect to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. However, given the inherent unpredictability of these types of proceedings and the potentially large and/or indeterminate amounts that could be sought, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could have a material effect on Blackstone’s financial results in any particular period.
In December 2007, a purported class of shareholders in public companies acquired by one or more private equity firms filed a lawsuit against a number of private equity firms and investment banks, including The Blackstone Group L.P., in the United States District Court in Massachusetts (Kirk Dahl, et al. v. Bain Capital Partners, LLC, et al.). The suit alleges that, from mid-2003 through 2007, eleven defendants violated the antitrust laws by allegedly conspiring to rig bids, restrict the supply of private equity financing, fix the prices for target companies at artificially low levels, and divide up an alleged market for private equity services for leveraged buyouts. After the conclusion of discovery, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint in June 2012, in which the plaintiffs sought damages on behalf of public shareholders that tendered their shares in connection with 17 leveraged buyouts. In March 2013, the court denied defendants’ joint motion for summary judgment and all but one individual motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ overarching conspiracy claim but narrowed the scope of plaintiffs’ allegations. Consequently, the number of transactions for which plaintiffs are seeking damages has been reduced from 17 to eight transactions. The court has previously dismissed claims against Blackstone with respect to three of these eight transactions because Blackstone was released from any and all claims by the same shareholders in prior litigation. In July 2013, the court denied all but two defendants’ renewed individual motions for summary judgment, and in August 2013, the court granted another defendant’s motion for reconsideration and ordered summary judgment in favor of that defendant (there remain seven defendants, including Blackstone). In July 2013, the court also denied the motion by Blackstone and three other defendants for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ claim of a conspiracy with respect to the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA). On October 21, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification and defendants filed an opposition to that motion on January 24, 2014. A hearing on plaintiffs’ class certification motion will take place after May 19, 2014. The
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Court has directed that new summary judgment motions be filed by August 1, 2014. Any trial of the action is scheduled to begin in early November 2014.
Blackstone believes that the foregoing suit is totally without merit and intends to defend it vigorously.
In the spring of 2008, six substantially identical complaints were brought against Blackstone and some of its executive officers purporting to be class actions on behalf of purchasers of common units in Blackstone’s June 2007 initial public offering. These suits were subsequently consolidated into one complaint (Landmen Partners Inc. v. The Blackstone Group L.P., et al.) filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in October 2008 against Blackstone, Stephen A. Schwarzman (Blackstone’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer), Peter G. Peterson (Blackstone’s former Senior Chairman), Hamilton E. James (Blackstone’s President and Chief Operating Officer) and Michael A. Puglisi (Blackstone’s Chief Financial Officer at the time of the IPO). The amended complaint alleged that (1) the IPO prospectus was false and misleading for failing to disclose that (a) one private equity investment would be adversely affected by trends in mortgage default rates, particularly for sub-prime mortgage loans, (b) another private equity investment was adversely affected by the loss of an exclusive manufacturing agreement, and (c) prior to the IPO the U.S. real estate market had started to deteriorate, adversely affecting the value of Blackstone’s real estate investments; and (2) the financial statements in the IPO prospectus were materially inaccurate principally because they overstated the value of the investments referred to in clause (1).
In September 2009 the District Court judge dismissed the complaint with prejudice, ruling that even if the allegations in the complaint were assumed to be true, the alleged omissions were immaterial. Analyzing both quantitative and qualitative factors, the District Court reasoned that the alleged omissions were immaterial as a matter of law given the size of the investments at issue relative to Blackstone as a whole, and taking into account Blackstone’s structure as an asset manager and financial advisory firm.
In February 2011, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit reversed the District Court’s decision, ruling that the District Court incorrectly found that plaintiffs’ allegations were, if true, immaterial as a matter of law. The Second Circuit disagreed with the District Court, concluding that the complaint “plausibly” alleged that the initial public offering documents omitted material information concerning two of Blackstone funds’ individual investments and inadequately disclosed information relating to market risks to their real estate investments. Because this was a motion to dismiss, in reaching this decision the Second Circuit accepted all of the complaint’s factual allegations as true and drew every reasonable inference in plaintiffs’ favor. The Second Circuit did not consider facts other than those in the plaintiffs’ complaint. On June 28, 2011, defendants filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, which was subsequently denied. On August 8, 2011, defendants filed their answer to the complaint and discovery commenced. The parties completed factual discovery on March 29, 2013 and expert discovery on May 10, 2013. Briefing on defendants’ motion for summary judgment seeking to dismiss the case was completed on June 21, 2013 and oral argument was held on August 14, 2013. On August 14, 2013, the District Court certified a class pursuant to the stipulation of the parties.
On August 28, 2013, the parties executed a settlement agreement and plaintiffs filed a motion for approval of the settlement agreement. On August 30, 2013, the District Court preliminarily approved the settlement agreement and ordered notice of the settlement be sent to class members. The settlement agreement provides for a payment to the class of $85,000,000. The settlement payment was covered by insurance and did not have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. On December 18, 2013, the settlement was approved and the Court entered a final judgment dismissing the case. We consider the matter closed.
| ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES |
Not applicable.
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PART II.
| ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
Our common units representing limited partner interests are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “BX.” Our common units began trading on the NYSE on June 22, 2007.
The number of holders of record of our common units as of February 21, 2014 was 81. This does not include the number of unitholders that hold common units in “street name” through banks or broker-dealers.
The following table sets forth the high and low intra-day sales prices per common unit, for the periods indicated, as reported by the NYSE and the per unit common unitholder distributions for the indicated fiscal quarters:
| 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| High | Low | Common Unitholder Distributions (a) |
High | Low | Common Unitholder Distributions (a) |
|||||||||||||||||||
| First Quarter |
$ | 21.09 | $ | 15.93 | $ | 0.30 | $ | 17.25 | $ | 14.10 | $ | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
| Second Quarter |
$ | 23.80 | $ | 18.76 | $ | 0.23 | $ | 16.06 | $ | 11.13 | $ | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
| Third Quarter |
$ | 25.61 | $ | 20.32 | $ | 0.23 | $ | 15.62 | $ | 12.50 | $ | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
| Fourth Quarter |
$ | 31.94 | $ | 24.54 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 15.84 | $ | 13.31 | $ | 0.42 | ||||||||||||
| (a) | Per common unit, presented on a fiscal quarter basis. |
Cash Distribution Policy
With respect to fiscal year 2013, we have paid to common unitholders distributions of $0.30, $0.23, $0.23 and $0.58 per common unit in respect of the first, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively, aggregating $1.34 per common unit. We have also paid to the Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships distributions of $0.31, $0.28, $0.26 and $0.67 per Blackstone Holdings Partnership Unit in respect of the first, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively, aggregating $1.52 per Blackstone Holdings Partnership Unit.
With respect to fiscal year 2012, we paid distributions of $0.10 per common unit in respect of each of the first three quarters and an additional $0.42 per common unit in respect of the fourth quarter (aggregating $0.72 per common unit for fiscal year 2012). With respect to fiscal year 2012, we paid distributions of $0.10 per unit in respect of each of the first three quarters and an additional distribution of $0.58 per Blackstone Holdings Partnership Unit in respect of the fourth quarter (aggregating $0.88 per Blackstone Holdings Partnership Unit for fiscal year 2012).
Distributable Earnings, which is derived from Blackstone’s segment reported results, is a supplemental measure to assess performance and amounts available for distributions to Blackstone unitholders, including Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. Distributable Earnings is intended to show the amount of net realized earnings without the effects of the consolidation of the Blackstone Funds. Distributable Earnings, which is a component of Economic Net Income, is the sum across all segments of: (a) Total Management and Advisory Fees, (b) Interest and Dividend Revenue, (c) Other Revenue, (d) Realized Performance Fees, and (e) Realized Investment Income (Loss); less (a) Compensation, excluding the expense of equity-based awards, (b) Realized Performance Fee Compensation, (c) Other Operating Expenses, and (d) Taxes and Related Payables Including the Payable Under Tax Receivable Agreement.
Our current intention is to distribute to common unitholders each quarter substantially all of our Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders, subject to a base quarterly distribution of $0.12 per unit. Net
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Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders is The Blackstone Group L.P.’s share of Distributable Earnings, less realized investment gains and returns of capital from investments and acquisitions, in excess of amounts determined by Blackstone’s general partner to be necessary or appropriate to provide for the conduct of its business, to make appropriate investments in its business and funds, to comply with applicable law, any of its debt instruments or other agreements, or to provide for future cash requirements such as tax-related payments, clawback obligations and distributions to unitholders for any ensuing quarter.
In circumstances in which the Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders for a quarter falls short of the amount necessary to support the base distribution of $0.12 per unit, Blackstone intends to correspondingly reduce subsequent quarterly distributions below the amounts supported by the Net Cash Available for Distribution to Common Unitholders by the amount of the shortfall, but not below $0.12 per unit.
All of the foregoing is subject to the qualification that the declaration and payment of any distributions are at the sole discretion of our general partner and our general partner may change our distribution policy at any time, including, without limitation, to reduce the quarterly distribution payable to our common unitholders to less than $0.12 per unit or even to eliminate such distributions entirely.
Because The Blackstone Group L.P. is a holding partnership and has no material assets other than its ownership of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings held through wholly owned subsidiaries, we fund distributions by The Blackstone Group L.P., if any, in three steps:
| • | First, we cause Blackstone Holdings to make distributions to its partners, including The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries. If Blackstone Holdings makes such distributions, the limited partners of Blackstone Holdings will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions pro rata based on their partnership interests in Blackstone Holdings (except as set forth in the following paragraph), |
| • | Second, we cause The Blackstone Group L.P.’s wholly owned subsidiaries to distribute to The Blackstone Group L.P. their share of such distributions, net of the taxes and amounts payable under the tax receivable agreement by such wholly owned subsidiaries, and |
| • | Third, The Blackstone Group L.P. distributes its net share of such distributions to our common unitholders on a pro rata basis. |
Because the wholly owned subsidiaries of The Blackstone Group L.P. must pay taxes and make payments under the tax receivable agreements described in Note 17. “Related Party Transactions” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”, the amounts ultimately distributed by The Blackstone Group L.P. to its common unitholders are expected to be less, on a per unit basis, than the amounts distributed by the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships to the Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships in respect of their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units.
In addition, the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships provide for cash distributions, which we refer to as “tax distributions,” to the partners of such partnerships if the wholly owned subsidiaries of The Blackstone Group L.P. which are the general partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships determine that the taxable income of the relevant partnership will give rise to taxable income for its partners. Generally, these tax distributions will be computed based on our estimate of the net taxable income of the relevant partnership allocable to a partner multiplied by an assumed tax rate equal to the highest effective marginal combined U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate prescribed for an individual or corporate resident in New York, New York (taking into account the nondeductibility of certain expenses and the character of our income). The Blackstone Holdings Partnerships will make tax distributions only to the extent distributions from such partnerships for the relevant year were otherwise insufficient to cover such estimated assumed tax liabilities.
Under the Delaware Limited Partnership Act, we may not make a distribution to a partner if after the distribution all our liabilities, other than liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and
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liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of the partnership, would exceed the fair value of our assets. If we were to make such an impermissible distribution, any limited partner who received a distribution and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the Delaware Limited Partnership Act would be liable to us for the amount of the distribution for three years. In addition, the terms of our revolving credit facility or other financing arrangements may from time to time include covenants or other restrictions that could constrain our ability to make distributions.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
On December 31, 2013, we issued 1,541,199 common units to 17 current or former personnel as partial consideration in connection with the acquisition by us of GSO. The common units were not registered under the Securities Act and were issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act on the basis that the such issuance did not involve any public offering.
Unit Repurchases in the Fourth Quarter of 2013
In January 2008, the Board of Directors of our general partner, Blackstone Group Management L.L.C., authorized the repurchase of up to $500 million of Blackstone common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. Under this unit repurchase program, units may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and the actual number of Blackstone common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. The unit repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not have a specified expiration date. During the three months ended December 31, 2013, no units were repurchased. See “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 15. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Unit” and “—Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity Needs” for further information regarding this unit repurchase program.
As permitted by our policies and procedures governing transactions in our securities by our directors, executive officers and other employees, from time to time some of these persons may establish plans or arrangements complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, and similar plans and arrangements relating to our common units and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units.
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| ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA |
The consolidated statements of financial condition and income data as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2013 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The audited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The audited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 and the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 are not included in this Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “—Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Management and Advisory Fees, Net |
$ | 2,193,985 | $ | 2,030,693 | $ | 1,811,750 | $ | 1,584,748 | $ | 1,482,226 | ||||||||||
| Performance Fees |
3,544,057 | 1,593,052 | 1,182,660 | 937,834 | 221,090 | |||||||||||||||
| Investment Income |
800,308 | 350,194 | 213,323 | 561,161 | 40,604 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest and Dividend Revenue and Other |
74,818 | 45,502 | 44,843 | 35,599 | 29,779 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total Revenues |
6,613,168 | 4,019,441 | 3,252,576 | 3,119,342 | 1,773,699 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Expenses |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and Benefits |
3,257,667 | 2,605,244 | 2,738,425 | 3,610,189 | 3,777,606 | |||||||||||||||
| General, Administrative and Other |
474,442 | 548,738 | 566,313 | 466,358 | 443,573 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest Expense |
107,973 | 72,870 | 57,824 | 41,229 | 13,384 | |||||||||||||||
| Fund Expenses |
26,658 | 33,829 | 25,507 | 26,214 | 7,296 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total Expenses |
3,866,740 | 3,260,681 | 3,388,069 | 4,143,990 | 4,241,859 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Other Income |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Reversal of Tax Receivable Agreement Liability |
20,469 | — | 197,816 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities |
381,664 | 256,145 | 14,935 | 501,994 | 176,694 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total Other Income |
402,133 | 256,145 | 212,751 | 501,994 | 176,694 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Income (Loss) Before Provision for Taxes |
3,148,561 | 1,014,905 | 77,258 | (522,654 | ) | (2,291,466 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Provision for Taxes |
255,642 | 185,023 | 345,711 | 84,669 | 99,230 | |||||||||||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) |
2,892,919 | 829,882 | (268,453 | ) | (607,323 | ) | (2,390,696 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities |
183,315 | 103,598 | (24,869 | ) | 87,651 | 131,097 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities |
198,557 | 99,959 | 7,953 | 343,498 | (14,328 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings |
1,339,845 | 407,727 | (83,234 | ) | (668,444 | ) | (1,792,174 | ) | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to The Blackstone Group L.P. |
$ | 1,171,202 | $ | 218,598 | $ | (168,303 | ) | $ | (370,028 | ) | $ | (715,291 | ) | |||||||
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|
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| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Per Common Unit, Basic and Diluted |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Units, Basic |
$ | 2.00 | $ | 0.41 | $ | (0.35 | ) | $ | (1.02 | ) | ||||||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Common Units, Diluted |
$ | 1.98 | $ | 0.41 | $ | (0.35 | ) | $ | (1.02 | ) | ||||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Common Units Entitled to Priority Distributions |
$ | (2.46 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Common Units Not Entitled to Priority Distributions |
$ | (3.71 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Distributions Declared (a) |
$ | 1.18 | $ | 0.52 | $ | 0.62 | $ | 0.60 | $ | 0.90 | ||||||||||
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|
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|
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| (a) | Distributions declared reflects the calendar date of declaration for each distribution. The fourth quarter distribution, if any, for any fiscal year will be declared and paid in the subsequent fiscal year. For fiscal year 2013, we declared a final fourth quarter distribution per common unit of $0.58, which was paid in February 2014. |
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Statement of Financial Condition Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets (a) |
$ | 29,678,606 | $ | 28,931,552 | $ | 21,909,129 | $ | 18,844,605 | $ | 9,409,024 | ||||||||||
| Senior Notes |
$ | 1,664,306 | $ | 1,670,853 | $ | 1,051,705 | $ | 1,010,911 | $ | 588,624 | ||||||||||
| Total Liabilities (a) |
$ | 15,300,935 | $ | 17,716,605 | $ | 12,656,843 | $ | 10,591,248 | $ | 2,865,491 | ||||||||||
| Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities |
$ | 1,950,442 | $ | 1,556,185 | $ | 1,091,833 | $ | 659,390 | $ | 526,311 | ||||||||||
| Partners’ Capital |
$ | 12,427,229 | $ | 9,658,762 | $ | 8,160,453 | $ | 7,593,967 | $ | 6,017,222 | ||||||||||
| (a) | The increase in total assets and total liabilities from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2010 was principally due to the acquisition, in our Credit segment, of certain management agreements of certain CLO vehicles which, under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), are required to be consolidated. The increase in total assets and total liabilities from December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2012 was principally due to the acquisition of Harbourmaster, a leading European leveraged loan manager and adviser and the resultant GAAP required consolidation of certain managed CLO vehicles. |
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| ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with The Blackstone Group L.P.’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our Business
Blackstone is one of the largest independent managers of private capital in the world. We also provide a wide range of financial advisory services, including financial advisory, restructuring and reorganization advisory and fund placement services.
Our business is organized into five business segments:
| • | Private Equity. We are a world leader in private equity investing, having managed six general private equity funds, as well as two sector focused funds, since we established this business in 1987. We refer to these managed corporate private equity funds collectively as our Blackstone Capital Partners (“BCP”) funds. We also manage the Blackstone Tactical Opportunities Accounts (“Tactical Opportunities”), which are multi-asset class investment accounts, and Strategic Partners Fund Solutions (“Strategic Partners”), a secondary private fund of funds business acquired on August 5, 2013. Through our private equity funds we pursue transactions throughout the world, including leveraged buyout acquisitions of seasoned companies, transactions involving growth equity or start-up businesses in established industries, minority investments, corporate partnerships, distressed debt, structured securities and industry consolidations, in all cases in strictly friendly transactions. |
| • | Real Estate. We are a world leader in real estate investing since launching our first real estate fund in 1994. We have managed or continue to manage seven global opportunistic real estate funds, four European focused opportunistic real estate funds, an Asian focused opportunistic real estate fund, a number of real estate debt investment funds, collateralized debt obligation (“CDO”) vehicles, a publicly traded REIT (“BXMT”) and an acquired Asian real estate platform. Our real estate opportunity funds are diversified geographically and have made significant investments in lodging, major urban office buildings, shopping centers, residential and a variety of real estate operating companies. Our debt investment funds target high yield real estate debt related investment opportunities in the public and private markets, primarily in the United States and Europe. We refer to our real estate opportunistic funds as our Blackstone Real Estate Partners (“BREP”) funds and our real estate debt investment funds as our Blackstone Real Estate Debt Strategies (“BREDS”) funds. |
| • | Hedge Fund Solutions. Blackstone’s Hedge Fund Solutions segment is comprised principally of Blackstone Alternative Asset Management (“BAAM”). BAAM was organized in 1990 and has developed into a leading institutional solutions provider utilizing hedge funds across a wide variety of strategies. BAAM is the world’s largest discretionary allocator to hedge funds. |
| • | Credit. Our Credit segment is comprised principally of GSO Capital Partners LP (“GSO”), a global leader in managing credit-focused products within private debt and public market strategies. GSO’s products include senior credit-focused funds, distressed debt funds, mezzanine funds, general credit-focused funds, registered investment companies, separately managed accounts and collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) vehicles. |
| • | Financial Advisory. Our Financial Advisory segment serves a diverse and global group of clients with financial and strategic advisory services, restructuring and reorganization advisory services, capital markets services and fund placement services for alternative investment funds. |
We generate revenue from fees earned pursuant to contractual arrangements with funds, fund investors and fund portfolio companies (including management, transaction and monitoring fees), and from financial and strategic advisory, restructuring and reorganization advisory, capital markets services and fund placement
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services for alternative investment funds. We invest in the funds we manage and, in most cases, receive a preferred allocation of income (i.e., a carried interest) or an incentive fee from an investment fund in the event that specified cumulative investment returns are achieved (generally collectively referred to as “Performance Fees”). The composition of our revenues will vary based on market conditions and the cyclicality of the different businesses in which we operate. Net investment gains and investment income generated by the Blackstone Funds, principally private equity and real estate funds, are driven by value created by our operating and strategic initiatives as well as overall market conditions. Fair values are affected by changes in the fundamentals of the portfolio company, the portfolio company’s industry, the overall economy and other market conditions.
Business Environment
World equity and debt markets rose sharply in 2013, driven by signs of sustained economic improvement in developed markets as well as a general slowing of geopolitical tensions. The MSCI All-Country index rose 19.2% in 2013, with developed market indices sharply outperforming those of developing markets.
In the U.S., the S&P 500 index rose 29.6%, closing the year at then-record high levels, supported by improving economic growth, a decline in the stated unemployment rate, and the moderate easing of the divisive political environment that had negatively impacted the prior year. Credit indices rose as well, with the High Yield Index up 7.5% and the Leveraged Loan index rising 6.2%. Benchmark rates rose from historically low levels and high yield spreads narrowed by 120 basis points.
Risk tolerance improved throughout the year despite the Federal Reserve starting to taper its quantitative easing program, which was widely expected. The broad improvement helped drive a significant increase in capital markets activity, with sharp increases in both IPO activity and debt issuance.
Real estate capital markets in the U.S. continue to strengthen, with commercial mortgage backed securities issuance of $86.1 billion, up 78.1% year to date. In Asia, Australian REITs are trading at 11.0% above net tangible asset value, the Japanese TSE REIT Index is up 35.9%, and India’s benchmark index is up 8.1% for the year. In Europe, capitalization rates have compressed approximately 14 basis points year over year. Real estate operating fundamentals continue to improve, driven by a lack of new supply and growth in demand. In the U.S., overall vacancy levels have declined 50 basis points to 14.9% and 30 basis points to 10.4% within the office and retail sectors, respectively for the year. In the U.S. hospitality sector, new construction remains significantly below historical levels and supply/demand fundamentals continue to support RevPAR (“Revenue per Available Room”) growth of 5.4% in 2013. On a national level, home prices have increased 13.4% for 2013.
Blackstone’s businesses are materially affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions in the U.S., Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the world.
Significant Transaction
On August 5, 2013, Blackstone completed its acquisition of Strategic Partners Fund Solutions, a secondary private fund of funds business.
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Organizational Structure
The simplified diagram below depicts our current organizational structure. The diagram does not depict all of our subsidiaries, including intermediate holding companies through which certain of the subsidiaries depicted are held.
Key Financial Measures and Indicators
We manage our business using traditional financial measures and key operating metrics since we believe these metrics measure the productivity of our investment activities. Our key financial measures and indicators are discussed below.
Revenues
Revenues primarily consist of management and advisory fees, performance fees, investment income, interest and dividend revenue and other. Please refer to “Part I. Item 1. Business—Incentive Arrangements / Fee Structure” and “— Critical Accounting Policies, Revenue Recognition” for additional information regarding the manner in which Base Management Fees and Performance Fees are generated.
Management and Advisory Fees, Net—Management and Advisory Fees, Net are comprised of management fees, including base management fees, transaction and other fees, advisory fees and management fee reductions and offsets.
The Partnership earns base management fees from limited partners of funds in each of its managed funds, at a fixed percentage of assets under management, net asset value, total assets, committed capital or invested capital, or in some cases, a fixed fee. Base management fees are recognized based on contractual terms specified in the underlying investment advisory agreements.
Transaction and other fees (including monitoring fees) are fees charged directly to managed funds and portfolio companies. The investment advisory agreements generally require that the investment adviser reduce the amount of management fees payable by the limited partners to the Partnership (“management fee
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reductions”) by an amount equal to a portion of the transaction and other fees directly paid to the Partnership by the portfolio companies. The amount of the reduction varies by fund, the type of fee paid by the portfolio company and the previously incurred expenses of the fund.
Management fee offsets are reductions to management fees payable by our limited partners, which are granted based on the amount they reimburse Blackstone for placement fees.
Advisory fees consist of advisory retainer and transaction-based fee arrangements related to financial and strategic advisory services, restructuring and reorganization advisory services, capital markets services and fund placement services for alternative investment funds. Advisory retainer fees are recognized when services for the transactions are complete, in accordance with terms set forth in individual agreements. Transaction-based fees are recognized when (a) there is evidence of an arrangement with a client, (b) agreed upon services have been provided, (c) fees are fixed or determinable, and (d) collection is reasonably assured. Fund placement fees are recognized as earned upon the acceptance by a fund of capital or capital commitments.
Accrued but unpaid Management and Advisory Fees, net of management fee reductions and management fee offsets, as of the reporting date are included in Accounts Receivable or Due from Affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Management fees paid by limited partners to the Blackstone Funds and passed on to Blackstone are not considered affiliate revenues.
Performance Fees—Performance Fees earned on the performance of Blackstone’s hedge fund structures (“Incentive Fees”) are recognized based on fund performance during the period, subject to the achievement of minimum return levels, or high water marks, in accordance with the respective terms set out in each hedge fund’s governing agreements. Accrued but unpaid Incentive Fees charged directly to investors in Blackstone’s offshore hedge funds as of the reporting date are recorded within Due from Affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Accrued but unpaid Incentive Fees on onshore funds as of the reporting date are reflected in Investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Incentive Fees are realized at the end of a measurement period, typically annually. Once realized, such fees are not subject to clawback or reversal.
In certain fund structures, specifically in private equity, real estate and certain Hedge Fund Solutions and credit-focused funds (“Carry Funds”), performance fees (“Carried Interest”) are allocated to the general partner based on cumulative fund performance to date, subject to a preferred return to limited partners. At the end of each reporting period, the Partnership calculates the Carried Interest that would be due to the Partnership for each fund, pursuant to the fund agreements, as if the fair value of the underlying investments were realized as of such date, irrespective of whether such amounts have been realized. As the fair value of underlying investments varies between reporting periods, it is necessary to make adjustments to amounts recorded as Carried Interest to reflect either (a) positive performance resulting in an increase in the Carried Interest allocated to the general partner or (b) negative performance that would cause the amount due to the Partnership to be less than the amount previously recognized as revenue, resulting in a negative adjustment to Carried Interest allocated to the general partner. In each scenario, it is necessary to calculate the Carried Interest on cumulative results compared to the Carried Interest recorded to date and make the required positive or negative adjustments. The Partnership ceases to record negative Carried Interest allocations once previously recognized Carried Interest allocations for such fund have been fully reversed. The Partnership is not obligated to pay guaranteed returns or hurdles, and therefore, cannot have negative Carried Interest over the life of a fund. Accrued but unpaid Carried Interest as of the reporting date is reflected in Investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Carried Interest is realized when an underlying investment is profitably disposed of and the fund’s cumulative returns are in excess of the preferred return or, in limited instances, after certain thresholds for return of capital are met. Carried Interest is subject to clawback to the extent that the Carried Interest received to date exceeds the amount due to Blackstone based on cumulative results. As such, the accrual for potential repayment of previously received Carried Interest, which is a component of Due to Affiliates, represents all amounts previously distributed to Blackstone Holdings and non-controlling interest holders that would need to be repaid to the Blackstone Funds if the Blackstone Carry Funds were to be liquidated based on the current fair value of the
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underlying funds’ investments as of the reporting date. The actual clawback liability, however, generally does not become realized until the end of a fund’s life except for certain Blackstone real estate funds, multi-asset class investment funds and credit-focused funds, which may have an interim clawback liability.
Investment Income (Loss)—Investment Income (Loss) represents the unrealized and realized gains and losses on the Partnership’s principal investments, including its investments in Blackstone Funds that are not consolidated, its equity method investments, and other principal investments. Investment Income (Loss) is realized when the Partnership redeems all or a portion of its investment or when the Partnership receives cash income, such as dividends or distributions. Unrealized Investment Income (Loss) results from changes in the fair value of the underlying investment as well as the reversal of unrealized gain (loss) at the time an investment is realized.
Interest and Dividend Revenue—Interest and Dividend Revenue comprises primarily interest and dividend income earned on principal investments held by Blackstone.
Other Revenue—Other Revenue consists of miscellaneous income and foreign exchange gains and losses arising on transactions denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.
Expenses
Compensation and Benefits—Compensation—Compensation and Benefits consists of (a) employee compensation, comprising salary and bonus, and benefits paid and payable to employees and senior managing directors and (b) equity-based compensation associated with the grants of equity-based awards to employees and senior managing directors. Compensation cost relating to the issuance of equity-based awards to senior managing directors and employees is measured at fair value at the grant date, taking into consideration expected forfeitures, and expensed over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Equity-based awards that do not require future service are expensed immediately. Cash settled equity-based awards are classified as liabilities and are remeasured at the end of each reporting period.
Compensation and Benefits—Performance Fee—Performance Fee Compensation consists of Carried Interest and Incentive Fee allocations, and may in future periods also include allocations of investment income from Blackstone’s firm investments, to employees and senior managing directors participating in certain profit sharing initiatives. Such compensation expense is subject to both positive and negative adjustments. Unlike Carried Interest and Incentive Fees, compensation expense is based on the performance of individual investments held by a fund rather than on a fund by fund basis. Compensation received from advisory clients in the form of securities of such clients may also be allocated to employees and senior managing directors.
Other Operating Expenses—Other Operating Expenses represents general and administrative expenses including interest expense, occupancy and equipment expenses and other expenses, which consist principally of professional fees, public company costs, travel and related expenses, communications and information services and depreciation and amortization.
Fund Expenses—The expenses of our consolidated Blackstone Funds consist primarily of interest expense, professional fees and other third party expenses.
Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities
Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities represent the component of Partners’ Capital in consolidated Blackstone Funds held by third party investors and employees. The percentage interests held by third parties and employees is adjusted for general partner allocations and by subscriptions and redemptions in funds of hedge funds and certain credit-focused funds which occur during the reporting period. In addition, all non-controlling interests in consolidated Blackstone Funds are attributed a share of income (loss) arising from the respective funds and a share of other comprehensive income, if applicable. Income (Loss) is allocated to
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non-controlling interests in consolidated entities based on the relative ownership interests of third party investors and employees after considering any contractual arrangements that govern the allocation of income (loss) such as fees allocable to The Blackstone Group L.P.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities
Non-controlling interests related to funds of hedge funds and certain other credit-focused funds are subject to annual, semi-annual or quarterly redemption by investors in these funds following the expiration of a specified period of time (typically between one and three years), or may be withdrawn subject to a redemption fee in the funds of hedge funds and certain credit-focused funds during the period when capital may not be withdrawn. As limited partners in these types of funds have been granted redemption rights, amounts relating to third party interests in such consolidated funds are presented as Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. When redeemable amounts become legally payable to investors, they are classified as a liability and included in Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. For all consolidated funds in which redemption rights have not been granted, non-controlling interests are presented within Partners’ Capital in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities.
Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings
Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings represent the component of Partners’ Capital in the consolidated Blackstone Holdings Partnerships held by Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships.
Certain costs and expenses are borne directly by the Holdings Partnerships. Income (Loss), excluding those costs directly borne by and attributable to the Holdings Partnerships, is attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings. This residual attribution is based on the year to date average percentage of Holdings Partnership Units held by Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships.
Income Taxes
The Blackstone Holdings Partnerships and certain of their subsidiaries operate in the U.S. as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and generally as corporate entities in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Accordingly, these entities in some cases are subject to New York City unincorporated business taxes or non-U.S. income taxes. In addition, certain of the wholly owned subsidiaries of the Partnership and the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships will be subject to federal, state and local corporate income taxes at the entity level and the related tax provision attributable to the Partnership’s share of this income tax is reflected in the consolidated financial statements.
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, using tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period when the change is enacted. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current and deferred tax liabilities are recorded within Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
Blackstone uses the flow-through method to account for investment tax credits. Under this method, the investment tax credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense.
Blackstone analyzes its tax filing positions in all of the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as for all open tax years in these jurisdictions. Blackstone
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records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process: (a) determination is made whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and (b) those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recognized as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. Blackstone recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in General, Administrative, and Other expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
There remains some uncertainty regarding Blackstone’s future taxation levels. Over the past several years, a number of legislative and administrative proposals to change the taxation of Carried Interest have been introduced and, in certain cases, have been passed by the U.S. House of Representatives that would have, in general, treated income and gains, including gain on sale, attributable to an investment services partnership interest, or “ISPI”, as income subject to a new blended tax rate that is higher than the capital gains rate applicable to such income under current law, except to the extent such ISPI would have been considered under the legislation to be a qualified capital interest. Our common units and the interests that we hold in entities that are entitled to receive Carried Interest would likely have been classified as ISPIs for purposes of this legislation. It is unclear whether or when the U.S. Congress will pass such legislation or what provisions will be included in any final legislation if enacted.
The most recent legislative proposals provided that, for taxable years beginning ten years after the date of enactment, income derived with respect to an ISPI that is not a qualified capital interest and that is subject to the foregoing rules would not meet the qualifying income requirements under the publicly traded partnership rules. Therefore, if similar legislation were to be enacted, following such ten-year period, we would be precluded from qualifying as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or be required to hold all such ISPIs through corporations.
The Obama administration proposed policies similar to Congress that would tax income and gain, including gain on sale, attributable to an ISPI at ordinary rates, with an exception for certain qualified capital interests. The proposal would also characterize certain income and gain in respect of ISPIs as non-qualifying income under the tax rules applicable to publicly traded partnerships after a ten-year transition period from the effective date, with an exception for certain qualified capital interests. The Obama administration proposed similar changes in its published revenue proposals for 2013 and prior years.
On February 26, 2014, Representative Camp, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, released a discussion draft of proposed legislation that would introduce major changes to the U.S. federal income tax system (the “2014 Camp Proposal”). It would, among other things (a) generally treat publicly traded partnerships (other than those deriving 90 percent of their income from activities relating to mining and natural resources) as taxable corporations for tax years beginning after 2016 and (b) recharacterize a portion of capital gain from certain partnership interests held in connection with the performance of services as ordinary income for tax years beginning after 2014.
States and other jurisdictions have also considered legislation to increase taxes with respect to Carried Interest. For example, in 2010, the New York State Assembly passed a bill, which could have caused a non-resident of New York who holds our common units to be subject to New York state income tax on carried interest earned by entities in which we hold an indirect interest, thereby requiring the non-resident to file a New York state income tax return reporting such carried interest income. This legislation would have been retroactive to January 1, 2010. It is unclear whether or when similar legislation will be enacted. Finally, several state and local jurisdictions are evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity level taxation through the imposition of state or local income, franchise or other forms of taxation or to increase the amount of such taxation.
If we were taxed as a corporation or were forced to hold interests in entities earning income from Carried Interest through taxable subsidiary corporations, our effective tax rate could increase significantly. The federal statutory rate for corporations is currently 35%, and the state and local tax rates, net of the federal benefit, aggregate approximately 5%. If a variation of the above described legislation or any other change in the tax laws,
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rules, regulations or interpretations preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly traded partnership rules or force us to hold interests in entities earning income from Carried Interest through taxable subsidiary corporations, this could materially increase our tax liability, and could well result in a reduction in the market price of our common units.
It is not possible at this time to meaningfully quantify the potential impact on Blackstone of this potential future legislation or any similar legislation. Multiple versions of legislation in this area have been proposed over the last few years that have included significantly different provisions regarding effective dates and the treatment of invested capital, tiered entities and cross-border operations, among other matters. Depending upon what version of the legislation, if any, were enacted, the potential impact on a public company such as Blackstone in a given year could differ dramatically and could be material. In addition, these legislative proposals would not themselves impose a tax on a publicly traded partnership such as Blackstone. Rather, they could force Blackstone and other publicly traded partnerships to restructure their operations so as to prevent disqualifying income from reaching the publicly traded partnership in amounts that would disqualify the partnership from treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such a restructuring could result in more income being earned in corporate subsidiaries, thereby increasing corporate income tax liability indirectly borne by the publicly traded partnership. In addition, we, and our common unitholders, could be taxed on any such restructuring. The nature of any such restructuring would depend on the precise provisions of the legislation that was ultimately enacted, as well as the particular facts and circumstances of Blackstone’s operations at the time any such legislation were to take effect, making the task of predicting the amount of additional tax highly speculative.
The Obama administration has announced other proposals for potential reform to the U.S. federal income tax rules for businesses, including reducing the deductibility of interest for corporations, reducing the top marginal rate on corporations and subjecting entities currently treated as partnerships for tax purposes to an entity level income tax similar to the corporate income tax. Several proposals for reform if enacted could adversely affect us. It is unclear what any actual legislation would provide, when it would be proposed or what its prospects for enactment would be.
The 2014 Camp Proposal, in addition to the proposed changes discussed above relating to publicly traded partnerships and carried interest, includes proposed provisions for the migration of the United States from a “worldwide” system of taxation, pursuant to which U.S. corporations are taxed on their worldwide income, to a territorial system where U.S. corporations are taxed only on their U.S. source income (subject to certain exceptions for income derived in low-tax jurisdictions from the exploitation of tangible assets) at a top corporate tax rate that would be 25%. The 2014 Camp Proposal includes numerous revenue raisers to offset the reduction in the tax rate and base which may or may not be detrimental to us, including changes to the rules for depreciating or amortizing assets, including goodwill, and changes to rules affecting real estate investment trusts, partnerships and tax-exempt entities. Senator Baucus recently proposed a similar territorial U.S. tax system, but with more expansive U.S. taxation of the foreign profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries of U.S. corporations. The Baucus proposal would also eliminate the withholding tax exemption on portfolio interest debt obligations for investors residing in non-treaty jurisdictions. Whether these proposals will be enacted by the government and in what form is unknown, as are the ultimate consequences of the proposed legislation.
Economic Income
Blackstone uses Economic Income (“EI”) as a key measure of value creation, a benchmark of its performance and in making resource deployment and compensation decisions across its five segments. EI represents segment net income before taxes excluding transaction-related charges. Transaction-related charges arise from Blackstone’s initial public offering (“IPO”) and long-term retention programs outside of annual deferred compensation and other corporate actions, including acquisitions. Transaction-related charges include equity-based compensation charges, the amortization of intangible assets and contingent consideration associated with acquisitions. EI presents revenues and expenses on a basis that deconsolidates the investment funds we manage. Economic Net Income (“ENI”) represents EI adjusted to include current period taxes. Taxes represent the current tax provision (benefit) calculated on Income (Loss) Before Provision for Taxes. EI, our principal segment measure, is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP
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measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision for Taxes. (See Note 21. “Segment Reporting” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.)
Fee Related Earnings
Blackstone uses Fee Related Earnings (“FRE”), which is derived from EI, as a measure to highlight earnings from operations excluding: (a) the income related to performance fees and related performance fee compensation costs, (b) income earned from Blackstone’s investments in the Blackstone Funds, and (c) realized and unrealized gains (losses) from other investments except for such gains (losses) from Blackstone’s Treasury Cash Management Strategies. Management uses FRE as a measure to assess whether recurring revenue from our businesses is sufficient to adequately cover all of our operating expenses and generate profits. FRE equals contractual fee revenues, investment income from Blackstone’s Treasury Cash Management Strategies and interest income, less (a) compensation expenses (which includes amortization of non-IPO and non-acquisition-related equity-based awards, but excludes amortization of IPO and acquisition-related equity-based awards, Carried Interest and incentive fee compensation) and (b) other operating expenses. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity” below for our discussion of Fee Related Earnings.
Distributable Earnings
Distributable Earnings, which is derived from our segment reported results, is a supplemental measure to assess performance and amounts available for distributions to Blackstone unitholders, including Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. Distributable Earnings, which is a measure not prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (a “non-GAAP” measure), is intended to show the amount of net realized earnings without the effects of the consolidation of the Blackstone Funds. Distributable Earnings is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision for Taxes. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity” below for our discussion of Distributable Earnings.
Distributable Earnings, which is a component of Economic Net Income, is the sum across all segments of: (a) Total Management and Advisory Fees, (b) Interest and Dividend Revenue, (c) Other Revenue, (d) Realized Performance Fees, and (e) Realized Investment Income (Loss); less (a) Compensation, excluding the expense of equity-based awards, (b) Realized Performance Fee Compensation, (c) Other Operating Expenses, and (d) Taxes and Payables Under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
Blackstone amended its definition of Distributable Earnings in the second quarter of 2013 to exclude the expense of equity-based awards. Excluding this expense presents a better determination of amounts available for distribution to Blackstone unitholders. Distributable Earnings amounts presented for prior periods have been conformed to this presentation.
Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation and Amortization
Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), is a supplemental measure derived from our segment reported results and may be used to assess our ability to service our borrowings. Adjusted EBITDA represents Distributable Earnings plus the addition of (a) Interest Expense, (b) Taxes and Related Payables Including Payable Under Tax Receivable Agreement, and (c) Depreciation and Amortization. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity” below for our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA.
Summary Walkdown of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Metrics
The relationship of our GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is presented in the summary walkdown below. The summary walkdown shows how each non-GAAP financial measure is related to the other non-GAAP financial measures. This presentation is not meant to be a detailed calculation of each measure, but to show the relationship between the measures. For the calculation of each of these non-GAAP financial measures and a full reconciliation of Income Before Provision for Taxes to Distributable Earnings, please see “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity.”
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Operating Metrics
The alternative asset management business is a complex business that is primarily based on managing third party capital and does not require substantial capital investment to support rapid growth. However, there also can be volatility associated with its earnings and cash flows. Since our inception, we have developed and used various key operating metrics to assess and monitor the operating performance of our various alternative asset management businesses in order to monitor the effectiveness of our value creating strategies.
Assets Under Management. Assets Under Management refers to the assets we manage. Our Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | the fair value of the investments held by our carry funds and our side-by-side and co-investment entities managed by us, plus the capital that we are entitled to call from investors in those funds and entities pursuant to the terms of their respective capital commitments, including capital commitments to funds that have yet to commence their investment periods, |
| (b) | the net asset value of our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds and certain registered investment companies, |
| (c) | the fair value of assets we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
| (d) | the amount of debt and equity outstanding for our CLOs and CDOs during the reinvestment period, |
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| (e) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, for our CLOs and CDOs after the reinvestment period, |
| (f) | the gross amount of assets (including leverage) for certain of our credit-focused registered investment companies, and |
| (g) | the fair value of common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt, or similar instruments issued by our public REIT. |
Our carry funds are commitment-based drawdown structured funds that do not permit investors to redeem their interests at their election. Our funds of hedge funds and hedge funds generally have structures that afford an investor the right to withdraw or redeem their interests on a periodic basis (for example, annually or quarterly), in most cases upon advance written notice, with the majority of our funds requiring from 60 days up to 95 days’ notice, depending on the fund and the liquidity profile of the underlying assets. Investment advisory agreements related to separately managed accounts may generally be terminated by an investor on 30 to 90 days’ notice.
Fee-Earning Assets Under Management. Fee-Earning Assets Under Management refers to the assets we manage on which we derive management and/or performance fees. Our Fee-Earning Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | for our Private Equity segment funds and Real Estate segment carry funds including certain real estate debt investment funds and certain of our Hedge Fund Solutions funds, the amount of capital commitments, remaining invested capital, fair value or par value of assets held, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
| (b) | for our credit-focused carry funds, the amount of remaining invested capital (which may include leverage) or net asset value, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
| (c) | the remaining invested capital of co-investments managed by us on which we receive fees, |
| (d) | the net asset value of our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds and certain registered investment companies, |
| (e) | the fair value of assets we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
| (f) | the net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated core earnings of our REITs, subject to certain adjustments, |
| (g) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, of our CLOs and CDOs, and |
| (h) | the gross amount of assets (including leverage) for certain of our credit-focused registered investment companies. |
Our calculations of assets under management and fee-earning assets under management may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. In addition, our calculation of assets under management includes commitments to, and the fair value of, invested capital in our funds from Blackstone and our personnel, regardless of whether such commitments or invested capital are subject to fees. Our definitions of assets under management or fee-earning assets under management are not based on any definition of assets under management or fee-earning assets under management that is set forth in the agreements governing the investment funds that we manage.
For our carry funds, total assets under management includes the fair value of the investments held, whereas fee-earning assets under management includes the amount of capital commitments, the remaining amount of invested capital at cost depending on whether the investment period has or has not expired or the fee terms of the fund. As such, fee-earning assets under management may be greater than total assets under management when the aggregate fair value of the remaining investments is less than the cost of those investments.
Limited Partner Capital Invested. Limited Partner Capital Invested represents the amount of Limited Partner capital commitments which were invested by our carry and drawdown funds during each period presented, plus the capital invested through co-investments arranged by us that were made by limited partners in investments of our carry funds on which we receive fees or a Carried Interest allocation or Incentive Fee.
The amount of committed undrawn capital available for investment, including general partner and employee commitments, is known as dry powder and is an indicator of the capital we have available for future investments.
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Financial Highlights
The following charts highlight certain financial metrics(a):
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| (a) | Total Segment Revenues and Segment Performance Fee and Investment Income Revenues represent the respective total segment amounts. See Note 21. “Segment Reporting” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this filing. CAGR is the compound annual growth rate. Net Realization Activity represents the sum of Net Realized Incentive Fees, Net Realized Carried Interest, Net Realized Investment Income, Taxes and Related Payables and Equity-Based Compensation. For the components of Net Realization Activity, other than Economic Income, see the reconciliation of Fee Related Earnings, Distributable Earnings and Economic Net Income at “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity” below. For Net Accrued Performance Fees, see “—Consolidated Results of Operations—Net Accrued Performance Fees” below. Net Performance Fee Receivable as of December 31, 2009 is not available. |
Consolidated Results of Operations
Following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2013. For a more detailed discussion of the factors that affected the results of our five business segments (which are presented on a basis that deconsolidates the investment funds we manage) in these periods, see “—Segment Analysis” below.
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The following tables set forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations and certain key operating metrics for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011:
| Year Ended December 31, | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2012 vs. 2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues |
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| Management and Advisory Fees, Net |
$ | 2,193,985 | $ | 2,030,693 | $ | 1,811,750 | $ | 163,292 | 8 | % | $ | 218,943 | 12 | % | ||||||||||||||
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| Performance Fees |
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| Realized |
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| Carried Interest |
943,958 | 327,422 | 138,907 | 616,536 | 188 | % | 188,515 | 136 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
464,838 | 301,801 | 90,099 | 163,037 | 54 | % | 211,702 | 235 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized |
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| Carried Interest |
2,158,010 | 994,190 | 971,518 | 1,163,820 | 117 | % | 22,672 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
(22,749 | ) | (30,361 | ) | (17,864 | ) | 7,612 | 25 | % | (12,497 | ) | -70 | % | |||||||||||||||
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| Total Performance Fees |
3,544,057 | 1,593,052 | 1,182,660 | 1,951,005 | 122 | % | 410,392 | 35 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Investment Income |
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| Realized |
188,644 | 93,963 | 87,542 | 94,681 | 101 | % | 6,421 | 7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized |
611,664 | 256,231 | 125,781 | 355,433 | 139 | % | 130,450 | 104 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Total Investment Income |
800,308 | 350,194 | 213,323 | 450,114 | 129 | % | 136,871 | 64 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Interest and Dividend Revenue |
64,511 | 40,354 | 37,427 | 24,157 | 60 | % | 2,927 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other |
10,307 | 5,148 | 7,416 | 5,159 | 100 | % | (2,268 | ) | -31 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Total Revenues |
6,613,168 | 4,019,441 | 3,252,576 | 2,593,727 | 65 | % | 766,865 | 24 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Expenses |
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| Compensation and Benefits |
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| Compensation |
1,844,485 | 2,091,698 | 2,421,712 | (247,213 | ) | -12 | % | (330,014 | ) | -14 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance Fee Compensation |
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| Realized |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried Interest |
257,201 | 96,433 | 43,615 | 160,768 | 167 | % | 52,818 | 121 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
200,915 | 140,042 | 55,912 | 60,873 | 43 | % | 84,130 | 150 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carried Interest |
966,717 | 321,599 | 237,945 | 645,118 | 201 | % | 83,654 | 35 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
(11,651 | ) | (44,528 | ) | (20,759 | ) | 32,877 | 74 | % | (23,769 | ) | -114 | % | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total Compensation and Benefits |
3,257,667 | 2,605,244 | 2,738,425 | 652,423 | 25 | % | (133,181 | ) | -5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| General, Administrative and Other |
474,442 | 548,738 | 566,313 | (74,296 | ) | -14 | % | (17,575 | ) | -3 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest Expense |
107,973 | 72,870 | 57,824 | 35,103 | 48 | % | 15,046 | 26 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Expenses |
26,658 | 33,829 | 25,507 | (7,171 | ) | -21 | % | 8,322 | 33 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total Expenses |
3,866,740 | 3,260,681 | 3,388,069 | 606,059 | 19 | % | (127,388 | ) | -4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Other Income |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reversal of Tax Receivable Agreement Liability |
20,469 | — | 197,816 | 20,469 | N/M | (197,816 | ) | -100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities |
381,664 | 256,145 | 14,935 | 125,519 | 49 | % | 241,210 | N/M | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total Other Income |
402,133 | 256,145 | 212,751 | 145,988 | 57 | % | 43,394 | 20 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Income Before Provision for Taxes |
3,148,561 | 1,014,905 | 77,258 | 2,133,656 | 210 | % | 937,647 | N/M | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for Taxes |
255,642 | 185,023 | 345,711 | 70,619 | 38 | % | (160,688 | ) | -46 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) |
2,892,919 | 829,882 | (268,453 | ) | 2,063,037 | 249 | % | 1,098,335 | N/M | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities |
183,315 | 103,598 | (24,869 | ) | 79,717 | 77 | % | 128,467 | N/M | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income Attributable to Non- Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities |
198,557 | 99,959 | 7,953 | 98,598 | 99 | % | 92,006 | N/M | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings |
1,339,845 | 407,727 | (83,234 | ) | 932,118 | 229 | % | 490,961 | N/M | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to The Blackstone Group L.P. |
$ | 1,171,202 | $ | 218,598 | $ | (168,303 | ) | $ | 952,604 | 436 | % | $ | 386,901 | N/M | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| N/M | Not meaningful. |
85
Table of Contents
Revenues
Total Revenues were $6.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $2.6 billion, or 65%, compared to $4.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012. Performance Fees and Investment Income increased between these periods by $2.0 billion and $450.1 million, respectively, and Management and Advisory Fees, Net increased by $163.3 million.
Performance Fees in our Real Estate segment increased by $1.3 billion due to the strong performance of our BREP carry funds and were primarily driven by valuation gains on investments within our BREP VI and BREP VII funds. The valuation gains were driven by the successful initial public offerings of Hilton, Extended Stay and Brixmor as well as gains resulting from improving fundamentals of Equity Office and Invitation Homes. Performance Fees in our Private Equity segment increased by $470.0 million principally due to performance in our BCP IV, BEP and BCP VI funds, which had net returns of 23%, 36% and 12%, respectively. Performance Fees increased by $123.0 million in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due to the increase in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management above their respective high water marks and/or hurdle, and therefore eligible for Performance Fees. Performance Fees increased by $88.4 million in our Credit segment due to higher returns in our hedge fund strategies funds and continued strong underlying company performance in the portfolios of our carry funds.
The increase in Investment Income was primarily due to increases in our Real Estate and Private Equity segments of $266.4 million and $138.6 million, respectively. The increase in our Real Estate segment was driven by valuation gains on investments across our global Real Estate funds including the successful initial public offerings of Hilton, Extended Stay and Brixmor. The increase in our Private Equity segment was driven by returns across all of our significant funds. The portfolio benefited from strong performance of our public holdings through the year, including the successful initial public offerings of Pinnacle Foods, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, Merlin Entertainments and Hilton, while our private portfolio benefited from investments in the healthcare, industrial and retail/consumer sectors.
The increase in Management and Advisory Fees, Net was due to increases in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment of $61.6 million, our Financial Advisory segment of $53.9 million, our Private Equity segment of $16.7 million and our Real Estate segment of $13.6 million. The increase in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment was primarily due to an increase in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management. The increase in our Financial Advisory segment was due to the number and size of transactions completed during the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to the prior year. The increase in our Private Equity segment was primarily due to the increase in the funds raised for our Tactical Opportunities investment vehicles as well as the addition of the Strategic Partners secondary private fund of funds business. The increase in our Real Estate segment was primarily driven by the increase in funds raised for our BREP Asia, BREP Europe IV, BXMT and BREDS II funds offset by the expiration of the BREP IV fund and decrease in management fees earned by the acquired Asian real estate platform.
Total Revenues were $4.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $766.9 million compared to $3.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase in revenues was primarily driven by increases of $410.4 million in Performance Fees, $218.9 million in Management and Advisory Fees and $136.9 million in Investment Income. The increase in Performance Fees was due (a) to increases in the net returns of the performance fee generating funds in the Private Equity segment that were greater than the prior year, (b) a 14.4% increase in the carrying value of assets for Blackstone’s contributed Real Estate funds primarily due to the continued improvement of operating fundamentals, particularly in our hospitality, office and retail holdings, (c) an increase in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management in the Hedge Funds Solutions segment related to funds of hedge funds above their respective high water marks and/or hurdle during the year ended December 31, 2012, and (d) a higher rate of appreciation in our Credit segment in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, with net returns of 13.4% for the hedge funds, 26.2% for the mezzanine funds and 15.7% for the rescue lending funds for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in Management and Advisory Fees was primarily attributable to an increase in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management of 23% during the current year across the segments. The increase in Investment Income is primarily due to the increases in unrealized appreciation due to the increase in fair value of investments.
86
Table of Contents
Expenses
Expenses were $3.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $606.1 million, or 19%, compared to $3.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in Total Compensation and Benefits of $652.4 million and Interest Expense of $35.1 million, partially offset by a $74.3 million decrease in General, Administrative and Other. The increase in Total Compensation and Benefits was comprised of a $899.6 million increase in Performance Fee Compensation due to the increase in Performance Fees Revenue and partially offset by a $247.2 million decrease in Compensation due mainly to a decrease in the equity-based amortization charges on our transaction-related awards. The $35.1 million increase in Interest Expense was primarily related to Blackstone’s issuance of senior notes during the third quarter of 2012. These increases were partially offset by a $74.3 million decrease in General, Administrative and Other, which was primarily due to decreases in depreciation and amortization and professional expenses.
Expenses were $3.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $127.4 million, or 4%, compared to $3.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $133.2 million in Compensation and Benefits. Compensation decreased $330.0 million from the prior year period to $2.1 billion as a result of the absence of expense related to certain of our equity-based compensation awards that vested at the end of the second quarter of 2011 while Performance Fee Compensation increased $196.8 million due to the increases in Performance Fees revenue. General, Administrative and Other expenses were $548.7 million for the current year period, a decrease of $17.6 million driven primarily by a decrease in amortization expense partially offset by increases in business development and professional expenses related to new investment products offered across the segments. Interest Expense was $72.9 million for the current year, an increase of $15.0 million from the same period of 2011 primarily due to Blackstone’s issuance of senior notes in 2012.
Other Income
Other Income was $402.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $146.0 million compared to $256.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was comprised of an increase in Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities of $125.5 million and income attributable to the reversal of the tax receivable agreement liability of $20.5 million.
Other Income—Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities is attributable to the consolidated Blackstone Funds which are largely held by third party investors. As such, most of this Other Income was eliminated from the results attributable to The Blackstone Group L.P. through the redeemable non-controlling interests and non-controlling interests items in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Other Income—Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities was $381.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $125.5 million compared to $256.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily comprised of increases in our Hedge Fund Solutions, Real Estate and Private Equity segments of $111.3 million, $67.7 million and $54.3 million, respectively, partially offset by a decrease of $107.8 million in our Credit segment. The increase in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment was primarily the result of an increase in investment performance from certain of our consolidated funds. The Real Estate increase in 2013 was driven by valuation gains on investments across our global Real Estate funds. The Private Equity increase in 2013 was driven by returns across all of our significant funds. The decrease in our Credit segment was primarily due to higher valuations on the liabilities of the consolidated CLO vehicles, which led to increases in unrealized losses.
Also included in Other Income in 2013 was $20.5 million of income attributable to the reversal of the tax receivable agreement liability.
Other Income—Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities was $256.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $241.2 million compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase of $241.2 million was substantially due to increases in the income related to our investments in our consolidated CLO vehicles.
87
Table of Contents
Also included in Other Income in 2011 was $197.8 million of Other Income attributable to the reversal of the tax receivable agreement liability. The liability reduction resulted from certain corporate subsidiaries adopting New York State and New York City tax laws for sourcing of revenue for apportionment purposes, which reduced the effective tax rate for such corporate subsidiaries. This, in turn, reduced the expected future tax savings that would result in payments due to certain non-controlling interest holders under the tax receivable agreements.
Provision for Taxes
Blackstone’s Provision for Taxes for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $255.6 million, $185.0 million and $345.7 million, respectively. This resulted in an effective tax rate of 8.1%, 18.2% and 447.5%, respectively, based on our Income Before Provision for Taxes of $3.1 billion, $1.0 billion and $77.3 million, respectively.
Two factors contributed to the 10.1% decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to the year ended December 31, 2012. First, pre-tax book income includes pre-tax income of $2.6 billion for 2013 and pre-tax income of $683.2 million for 2012 that is passed through to common unit holders and non-controlling interest holders and is not subject to tax by the Partnership and its subsidiaries. The year over year change resulted in a decrease to the effective tax rate of 5.1% when comparing 2013 to 2012.
Second, in both 2013 and 2012, book equity-based compensation expense exceeded the tax deductible equity-based compensation expense due to the issuance of units that are not tax deductible since they represent a value for value exchange for tax purposes. Although the amount of the excess book expense over the tax expense does not change significantly in 2013 compared to 2012, the impact of the effective tax rate increase was 1.6% and 9.3% in 2013 and 2012, respectively, resulting from the significant increase in pre-tax book income in 2013 compared to 2012.
Several factors contributed to the 429.3% decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011. First, the decrease in the effective tax rate was largely due to the reversal of $233.7 million of deferred tax assets as a result of the application of New York State and New York City tax laws during 2011, which resulted in a lower apportionment of income subject to tax in New York State and New York City. The lower apportionment of income to New York State and New York City also resulted in an income tax benefit of $69.2 million for the exclusion of $197.8 million book income realized from the reduction to the tax receivable agreement liability. The reversal of the deferred tax assets less the benefit of the income exclusion resulted in a significant increase to the 2011 effective tax rate that was not repeated for 2012 and a 203.0% decrease in the effective tax rate when comparing 2012 to 2011.
Second, pre-tax book income includes pre-tax income of $683.2 million for 2012 and pre-tax loss of $169.7 million for 2011 that is passed through to common unit holders and non-controlling interest holders and is not subject to tax by the Partnership and its subsidiaries. The year over year change resulted in a decrease to the effective rate of 100.4% when comparing 2012 to 2011.
Third, in both 2012 and 2011, book equity-based compensation expense exceeded the tax deductible equity based-compensation expense due to the issuance of units that are not tax deductible since they represent a value for value exchange for tax purposes. Although the amount of the excess book expense over the tax expense did not change significantly in 2012 compared to 2011, the amount of pretax book income to which the amount of excess book expense was compared increased significantly in 2012 compared to 2011. This caused the effective tax rates to increase by 9.3% and 132.4% in 2012 and 2011, respectively, resulting in the decrease of 123.1% to the effective tax rate in 2012 compared to 2011.
All factors except for the reversal of the deferred tax asset are expected to impact the effective tax rate for future years.
88
Table of Contents
Additional information regarding our income taxes can be found in Note 14. “Income Taxes” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this filing.
Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities
The Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities and Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities is attributable to the consolidated Blackstone Funds. The amounts of these items vary directly with the performance of the consolidated Blackstone Funds and largely eliminate the amount of Other Income—Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities from the Net Income (Loss) Attributable to The Blackstone Group L.P.
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings is derived from the Income Before Provision for Taxes, excluding the Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities and the Reversal of Tax Receivable Agreement Liability, and the percentage allocation of the income between Blackstone Holdings and The Blackstone Group L.P. after considering any contractual arrangements that govern the allocation of income (loss) such as fees allocable to The Blackstone Group L.P.
For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the net income before taxes allocated to Blackstone Holdings was 49.3%, 53.1% and 57.4%, respectively. The decreases of 3.8% and 4.3% were primarily due to conversions of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units to Blackstone common units and the vesting of common units.
The Other Income—Reversal of Tax Receivable Agreement Liability was entirely allocated to The Blackstone Group L.P.
89
Table of Contents
Operating Metrics
The following graph summarizes the Fee-Earning Assets Under Management by Segment and Total Assets Under Management by Segment, followed by a rollforward of activity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. For a description of how Assets Under Management and Fee-Earning Assets Under Management are determined, please see “—Key Financial Measures and Indicators—Operating Metrics—Assets Under Management and Fee-Earning Assets Under Management”.
| Note: | Totals may not add due to rounding. |
90
Table of Contents
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee-Earning Assets Under Management |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, Beginning of Period |
$ | 37,050,167 | $ | 41,931,339 | $ | 43,478,791 | $ | 45,420,143 | $ | 167,880,440 | $ | 37,237,791 | $ | 31,236,540 | $ | 37,819,636 | $ | 30,462,786 | $ | 136,756,753 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Inflows, including Commitments (a) |
9,884,340 | 13,835,625 | 9,098,002 | 15,382,428 | 48,200,395 | 2,628,583 | 14,584,089 | 5,460,096 | 20,055,005 | 42,727,773 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outflows, including Distributions (b) |
(392,882 | ) | (1,329,763 | ) | (3,626,636 | ) | (2,085,211 | ) | (7,434,492 | ) | — | (1,486,257 | ) | (2,871,612 | ) | (1,700,137 | ) | (6,058,006 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Realizations (c) |
(4,025,167 | ) | (3,649,494 | ) | (348,126 | ) | (8,871,543 | ) | (16,894,330 | ) | (2,844,946 | ) | (2,530,057 | ) | (143,677 | ) | (4,811,088 | ) | (10,329,768 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Inflows (Outflows) |
5,466,291 | 8,856,368 | 5,123,240 | 4,425,674 | 23,871,573 | (216,363 | ) | 10,567,775 | 2,444,807 | 13,543,780 | 26,339,999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market Appreciation (Depreciation) (d) |
84,057 | 5,096 | 4,263,806 | 1,876,767 | 6,229,726 | 28,739 | 127,024 | 3,214,348 | 1,413,577 | 4,783,688 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, End of Period (e) |
$ | 42,600,515 | $ | 50,792,803 | $ | 52,865,837 | $ | 51,722,584 | $ | 197,981,739 | $ | 37,050,167 | $ | 41,931,339 | $ | 43,478,791 | $ | 45,420,143 | $ | 167,880,440 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase (Decrease) |
$ | 5,550,348 | $ | 8,861,464 | $ | 9,387,046 | $ | 6,302,441 | $ | 30,101,299 | $ | (187,624 | ) | $ | 10,694,799 | $ | 5,659,155 | $ | 14,957,357 | $ | 31,123,687 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Increase (Decrease) |
15 | % | 21 | % | 22 | % | 14 | % | 18 | % | -1 | % | 34 | % | 15 | % | 49 | % | 23 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee-Earning Assets Under Management |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, Beginning of Period |
$ | 24,188,555 | $ | 26,814,714 | $ | 33,159,795 | $ | 25,337,158 | $ | 109,500,222 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inflows, including Commitments (a) |
16,297,887 | 7,844,635 | 9,677,992 | 9,928,845 | 43,749,359 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outflows, including Distributions (b) |
(2,493,160 | ) | (2,026,993 | ) | (2,863,303 | ) | (1,280,522 | ) | (8,663,978 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Realizations (c) |
(747,853 | ) | (1,352,763 | ) | (450,042 | ) | (3,501,539 | ) | (6,052,197 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Inflows |
13,056,874 | 4,464,879 | 6,364,647 | 5,146,784 | 29,033,184 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market Appreciation (d) |
(7,638 | ) | (43,053 | ) | (1,704,806 | ) | (21,156 | ) | (1,776,653 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Balance, End of Period (e) |
$ | 37,237,791 | $ | 31,236,540 | $ | 37,819,636 | $ | 30,462,786 | $ | 136,756,753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Increase |
$ | 13,049,236 | $ | 4,421,826 | $ | 4,659,841 | $ | 5,125,628 | $ | 27,256,531 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase |
54 | % | 16 | % | 14 | % | 20 | % | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
91
Table of Contents
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets Under Management |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, Beginning of Period |
$ | 51,002,973 | $ | 56,695,645 | $ | 46,092,505 | $ | 56,428,837 | $ | 210,219,960 | $ | 45,863,673 | $ | 42,852,669 | $ | 40,534,768 | $ | 36,977,394 | $ | 166,228,504 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Inflows, including Commitments (a) |
14,420,278 | 17,686,592 | 9,337,644 | 18,834,429 | 60,278,943 | 4,233,716 | 12,566,140 | 5,338,892 | 24,489,441 | 46,628,189 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outflows, including Distributions (b) |
(653,357 | ) | (1,049,598 | ) | (3,854,587 | ) | (2,810,710 | ) | (8,368,252 | ) | (76,495 | ) | (262,300 | ) | (2,983,054 | ) | (2,429,344 | ) | (5,751,193 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Realizations (c) |
(9,584,276 | ) | (8,298,220 | ) | (447,960 | ) | (11,195,989 | ) | (29,526,445 | ) | (3,452,647 | ) | (3,926,671 | ) | (184,798 | ) | (5,179,250 | ) | (12,743,366 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Inflows |
4,182,645 | 8,338,774 | 5,035,097 | 4,827,730 | 22,384,246 | 704,574 | 8,377,169 | 2,171,040 | 16,880,847 | 28,133,630 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market Appreciation (Depreciation) (d) |
10,489,413 | 14,376,369 | 4,529,861 | 3,757,781 | 33,153,424 | 4,434,726 | 5,465,807 | 3,386,697 | 2,570,596 | 15,857,826 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, End of Period (e) |
$ | 65,675,031 | $ | 79,410,788 | $ | 55,657,463 | $ | 65,014,348 | $ | 265,757,630 | $ | 51,002,973 | $ | 56,695,645 | $ | 46,092,505 | $ | 56,428,837 | $ | 210,219,960 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Increase |
$ | 14,672,058 | $ | 22,715,143 | $ | 9,564,958 | $ | 8,585,511 | $ | 55,537,670 | $ | 5,139,300 | $ | 13,842,976 | $ | 5,557,737 | $ | 19,451,443 | $ | 43,991,456 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase |
29 | % | 40 | % | 21 | % | 15 | % | 26 | % | 11 | % | 32 | % | 14 | % | 53 | % | 26 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private Equity |
Real Estate | Hedge Fund Solutions |
Credit | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets Under Management |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, Beginning of Period |
$ | 29,319,136 | $ | 33,165,124 | $ | 34,587,292 | $ | 31,052,368 | $ | 128,123,920 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inflows, including Commitments (a) |
18,620,779 | 8,297,282 | 11,303,991 | 11,292,641 | 49,514,693 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outflows, including Distributions (b) |
(76,632 | ) | (432,938 | ) | (3,070,287 | ) | (1,488,803 | ) | (5,068,660 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Realizations (c) |
(4,195,682 | ) | (2,546,701 | ) | (552,165 | ) | (4,184,206 | ) | (11,478,754 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
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| Net Inflows |
14,348,465 | 5,317,643 | 7,681,539 | 5,619,632 | 32,967,279 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market Appreciation (d) |
2,196,072 | 4,369,902 | (1,734,063 | ) | 305,394 | 5,137,305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Balance, End of Period (e) |
$ | 45,863,673 | $ | 42,852,669 | $ | 40,534,768 | $ | 36,977,394 | $ | 166,228,504 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Increase |
$ | 16,544,537 | $ | 9,687,545 | $ | 5,947,476 | $ | 5,925,026 | $ | 38,104,584 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase |
56 | % | 29 | % | 17 | % | 19 | % | 30 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Inflows represent contributions in our hedge funds and closed-end mutual funds, increases in available capital for our carry funds (capital raises, recallable capital and increased side-by-side commitments) and CLOs and increases in the capital we manage pursuant to separately managed account programs. |
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| (b) | Outflows represent redemptions in our hedge funds and closed-end mutual funds, client withdrawals from our separately managed account programs and decreases in available capital for our carry funds (expired capital, expense drawdowns and decreased side-by-side commitments). Also included is the distribution of funds associated with the discontinuation of our proprietary single manager hedge funds. |
| (c) | Realizations represent realizations from the disposition of assets, capital returned to investors from CLOs and the effect of changes in the definition of Total Assets Under Management. |
| (d) | Market appreciation (depreciation) includes realized and unrealized gains (losses) on portfolio investments and the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. |
| (e) | Fee-Earning Assets Under Management and Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2013 included $283.4 million and $313.4 million, respectively, from a joint venture in which we are the minority interest holder. |
Fee-Earning Assets Under Management
Fee-Earning Assets Under Management were $198.0 billion at December 31, 2013, an increase of $30.1 billion, or 18%, compared to $167.9 billion at December 31, 2012. The net increase was due to:
| • | Inflows of $48.2 billion related to: |
| • | $15.4 billion in our Credit segment driven by $4.8 billion raised in our business development companies (“BDCs”), $3.9 billion raised in our other vehicles, $3.7 billion raised in CLO launches, $1.6 billion raised in Hedge Fund Strategies, and $1.4 billion of capital deployed in our Mezzanine and Rescue Lending Funds, |
| • | $13.8 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily related to $5.5 billion raised for our fourth European fund, $3.2 billion raised for our first Asian fund, $1.6 billion of co-investment capital raised across our funds, $1.3 billion for our second debt strategies fund and $714.6 million in BXMT, |
| • | $9.9 billion in our Private Equity segment primarily due to $7.0 billion related to the acquisition of Strategic Partners as well as $2.7 billion in additional capital raised for our Tactical Opportunities investment vehicles, and |
| • | $9.1 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment mainly related to growth in its customized products, the launch of BAAM’s first alternative investment-focused mutual fund and growth in commingled products. |
| • | Market appreciation of $6.2 billion principally due to solid returns from the BAAM Principal Solutions funds in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment as well as from the hedge fund strategies and business development companies in our Credit segment. |
Offsetting these increases were:
| • | Realizations of $16.9 billion primarily driven by: |
| • | $8.9 billion in our Credit segment primarily due to $6.9 billion returned to CLO investors from CLOs that are post their reinvestment periods and $1.9 billion returned across the Mezzanine and Rescue Lending funds, |
| • | $4.0 billion in our Private Equity segment primarily resulting from $2.6 billion return of capital from our BCP V fund, including Nielsen ($308.6 million), SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment ($196.1 million), Pinnacle Foods ($157.4 million), and $744.3 million from our BCP IV fund including Vanguard ($286.2 million), TDC ($134.9 million) and TRW Automotive ($119.4 million), and |
| • | $3.6 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily due to $2.1 billion of realizations in our BREDS funds, $602.6 million in our BREP VI fund and $460.3 million in our BREP V fund. |
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| • | Outflows of $7.4 billion primarily attributable to: |
| • | $3.6 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment primarily due to the liquidity needs of limited partners, |
| • | $2.1 billion in our Credit segment primarily from our long-only platform, and |
| • | $1.3 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily due to the end of BREP Europe III’s investment period and redemptions from the debt strategies hedge funds. |
BAAM had net inflows of $1.5 billion from January 1 through February 1, 2014.
Fee-Earning Assets Under Management were $167.9 billion at December 31, 2012, an increase of $31.1 billion, or 23%, compared to $136.8 billion at December 31, 2011. The net increase was due to:
| • | Inflows of $42.7 billion related to: |
| • | $20.1 billion in our Credit segment resulting from the launch of our third closed-end fund, the pricing of three new CLOs, deploying limited partner capital in our carry funds, inflows across our long-only platform and the acquisition of Harbourmaster on January 5, 2012, |
| • | $14.6 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily driven by capital committed to BREP VII, invested capital in our BREDS funds and $2.2 billion from the Capital Trust (renamed BXMT) transaction in December 2012, |
| • | $5.5 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment mainly related to growth in its commingled and customized investment products, and |
| • | $2.6 billion in our Private Equity segment primarily due to the commencement of the investment period for our Tactical Opportunities investment vehicles, additional capital raised for our energy focused fund, Blackstone Energy Partners (“BEP”), and investments made from funds that earn fees on invested capital. |
| • | Market appreciation of $4.8 billion principally due to solid returns from the BAAM Principal Solutions funds in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment and steady appreciation in certain credit-focused funds in our Credit segment. |
Offsetting these increases were:
| • | Realizations of $10.3 billion driven by: |
| • | $4.8 billion in our Credit segment primarily due to capital returned to CLO investors from CLOs that are post their reinvestment periods and realizations in our carry funds, |
| • | $2.8 billion in our Private Equity segment primarily as a result of the dispositions of investments in funds which earn fees based on remaining invested capital, and |
| • | $2.5 billion in our Real Estate segment attributable to the sales of various investments across the real estate segment’s funds which earn fees on invested capital. |
| • | Outflows of $6.1 billion primarily attributable to: |
| • | $2.9 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due to the liquidity needs of limited partners, |
| • | $1.7 billion in our Credit segment primarily from our long-only platform and hedge funds, and |
| • | $1.5 billion in our Real Estate segment due primarily to the ending of BREP IV’s partnership term in December 2012 which ceased earning management fees on invested capital. |
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Total Assets Under Management
Total Assets Under Management were $265.8 billion at December 31, 2013, an increase of $55.5 billion, or 26%, compared to $210.2 billion at December 31, 2012. The net increase was due to:
| • | Inflows of $60.3 billion primarily related to: |
| • | $18.8 billion in our Credit segment due to the reasons noted above in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management in addition to $2.1 billion of commitments to our Rescue Lending funds and $728.9 million to our Mezzanine funds, |
| • | $17.7 billion in our Real Estate segment attributable to multiple closings on our latest European, first Asia and second debt strategies funds, the completion of a secondary and convertible debt offering by BXMT and co-investment capital raised, |
| • | $14.4 billion in our Private Equity segment due primarily to $9.4 billion related to the acquisition of Strategic Partners, $3.5 billion of additional capital raised for our Tactical Opportunities investment vehicles and $687.7 million related to the first close on our next Strategic Partners fund, and |
| • | $9.3 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due primarily to the reasons noted above in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management in addition to the $1.1 billion initial close of our first permanent capital vehicle acquiring general partner interests in hedge funds. |
| • | Market appreciation of $33.2 billion due to: |
| • | $14.4 billion in our Real Estate segment driven by successful initial public offerings of Hilton ($5.5 billion), Extended Stay Hotels ($697.0 million) and Brixmor ($600.5 million), as well as valuation gains resulting from improving fundamentals of Equity Office Properties ($1.0 billion) and Invitation Homes ($911.7 million), |
| • | $10.5 billion in our Private Equity segment driven by successful initial public offerings in our BCP V fund totaling $3.7 billion (Hilton ($2.0 billion), Pinnacle Foods ($1.1 billion), SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment ($536.4 million)) and in our BCP IV fund of $1.0 billion (Merlin Entertainments); in total, public portfolio appreciation of 49.5% created $6.6 billion of value, |
| • | $4.5 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment driven by $4.1 billion of appreciation in customized and commingled funds; BAAM’s Principal Solutions Composite up 12.8% gross, and |
| • | $3.8 billion in our Credit segment primarily driven by $1.5 billion of gains in Hedge Fund Strategies and BDCs as well as $1.5 billion of appreciation in our carry funds. |
Offsetting these increases were:
| • | Realizations of $29.5 billion driven by: |
| • | $11.2 billion in our Credit segment due to capital returned to CLO investors from CLOs that are post their reinvestment periods and realizations in our carry funds, |
| • | $9.6 billion in our Private Equity segment due to realization activity through public markets, strategic sales and credit markets, |
| • | $8.3 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily due to realizations from various investments across the segment, primarily from our BREP funds ($5.9 billion) and BREDS funds ($1.4 billion). |
| • | Outflows of $8.4 billion primarily attributable to: |
| • | $3.9 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment primarily related to the liquidity needs of limited partners, |
| • | $2.8 billion in our Credit segment primarily from our long-only platform, and |
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| • | $1.0 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily due to the termination of the investment period of certain BREDS drawdown funds and redemptions within the debt strategies hedge funds. |
Total Assets Under Management were $210.2 billion at December 31, 2012, an increase of $44.0 billion, or 26%, compared to $166.2 billion at December 31, 2011. The net increase was due to:
| • | Inflows of $46.6 billion primarily related to: |
| • | $24.5 billion in our Credit segment resulting from inflows in our hedge funds, the final closing of our most recent mezzanine fund, the first closing of our most recent rescue lending fund, inflows across our long-only platform and the acquisition of Harbourmaster on January 5, 2012, |
| • | $12.6 billion in our Real Estate segment driven by capital committed to BREP VII and $2.3 billion from the Capital Trust transaction in December 2012, |
| • | $5.3 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due to growth in its customized and commingled investment products, and |
| • | $4.2 billion in our Private Equity segment due to the closing on our Tactical Opportunities investment vehicles and additional closings on our BEP fund. |
| • | Market appreciation of $15.9 billion due to: |
| • | $5.5 billion in our Real Estate segment driven by valuation gains resulting from strong operating fundamentals of Equity Office Properties ($782.1 million), Brixmor ($667.9 million), Hilton ($361.5 million) and General Growth Properties ($305.5 million), |
| • | $4.4 billion in our Private Equity segment due to appreciation of our publicly traded holdings particularly from the appreciation of our investment in Cheniere and our successful initial public offering of PBF Energy and private investments in the energy, retail/consumer and hospitality/leisure sectors, |
| • | $3.4 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due to solid returns from the BAAM Principal Solutions funds, and |
| • | $2.6 billion in our Credit segment due to steady appreciation in our carry funds, hedge funds and certain credit-focused funds across our long-only platform. |
Offsetting these increases were:
| • | Realizations of $12.7 billion driven by: |
| • | $5.2 billion in our Credit segment due to capital returned to CLO investors from CLOs that were post their reinvestment periods and realizations in our carry funds, |
| • | $3.9 billion in our Real Estate segment primarily due to $1.5 billion of realizations in our BREP VI fund; $892.5 million in our BREDS funds; $407.0 million in our BREP V fund and $330.3 million in our BREP VII fund, and |
| • | $3.5 billion in our Private Equity segment due to opportunistic realizations in BCP V, particularly Alliant ($534.8 million), SeaWorld ($319.5 million) and PBF ($297.7 million) and in BCP IV, particularly the sales of public holdings in Team Health ($686.9 million) and TDC ($326.0 million). |
| • | Outflows of $5.8 billion primarily attributable to: |
| • | $3.0 billion in our Hedge Fund Solutions segment due to the same reasons noted in Fee-Earning Assets Under Management above, and |
| • | $2.4 billion in our Credit segment primarily from our long-only platform and hedge funds. |
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Limited Partner Capital Invested
The following presents the limited partner capital invested during the respective periods:
| Note: | Totals in graph may not add due to rounding. |
| Year Ended December 31, | 2012 vs. 2011 | 2013 vs. 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Limited Partner |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital Invested |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private Equity |
$ | 3,848,954 | $ | 3,223,535 | $ | 2,568,582 | $ | (625,419 | ) | -16 | % | $ | (654,953 | ) | -20 | % | ||||||||||||
| Real Estate |
6,141,416 | 8,218,175 | 9,741,277 | 2,076,759 | 34 | % | 1,523,102 | 19 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hedge Fund Solutions |
889,259 | 200,841 | 431,275 | (688,418 | ) | -77 | % | 230,434 | 115 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Credit |
2,650,137 | 2,256,420 | 1,438,570 | (393,717 | ) | -15 | % | (817,850 | ) | -36 | % | |||||||||||||||||
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| Total |
$ | 13,529,766 | $ | 13,898,971 | $ | 14,179,704 | $ | 369,205 | 3 | % | $ | 280,733 | 2 | % | ||||||||||||||
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Limited Partner Capital Invested was $14.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $280.7 million, or 2%, from $13.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012. The amount of Limited Partner Capital Invested is a function of finding opportunistic investments that fit our investment philosophy and strategy in each of our segments as well as the relative size and timing of investment closings within those segments. Our Private Equity segment deployed capital at a slower rate in 2013 than in 2012 as market conditions made it more challenging to find opportunities that fit within our investment philosophy. We committed capital to new Private Equity investments in 2013 but due to certain conditions to close, these investments are not expected to close until 2014. Our Real Estate segment deployed capital at a faster rate in 2013 than in 2012. Our Hedge Fund Solutions segment is investing capital based on the relative investment opportunities from the hedge fund manager seeding platform. In our Credit segment, capital deployed for the year ended December 31, 2013 was lower compared to the year ended December 31, 2012 due to a more challenging investment environment.
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The following presents the committed undrawn capital available for investment (“dry powder”) as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011:
| Note: | Totals may not add due to rounding. Amounts are as of December 31 of each year. |
| (a) | Represents illiquid drawdown funds only; excludes marketable vehicles; includes both Fee-Earning (third party) capital and general partner and employee commitments that do not earn fees. Amounts are reduced by outstanding commitments to invest, but for which capital has not been called. |
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Net Accrued Performance Fees
The following table presents the accrued performance fees, net of performance fee compensation, of the Blackstone Funds as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. Net accrued performance fees presented do not include clawback amounts, if any, which are disclosed in Note 18. “Commitments and Contingencies—Contingencies—Contingent Obligations (Clawback)” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this filing.
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| (Dollars in Millions) | ||||||||
| Private Equity |
||||||||
| BCP IV Carried Interest |
$ | 424 | $ | 582 | ||||
| BCP V Carried Interest |
26 | — | ||||||
| BCP VI Carried Interest |
108 | 22 | ||||||
| BEP Carried Interest |
65 | 38 | ||||||
| Tactical Opportunities Carried Interest |
8 | 2 | ||||||
| Strategic Partners V Carried Interest |
1 | — | ||||||
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|
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| Total Private Equity (a) |
632 | 644 | ||||||
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|
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| Real Estate |
||||||||
| BREP V Carried Interest |
603 | 448 | ||||||
| BREP VI Carried Interest |
1,264 | 610 | ||||||
| BREP VII Carried Interest |
293 | 82 | ||||||
| BREP International I Carried Interest |
2 | 2 | ||||||
| BREP Europe III Carried Interest |
155 | 74 | ||||||
| BREP Asia Carried Interest |
4 | — | ||||||
| BREDS Carri | ||||||||