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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x      QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

o         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                to               

Commission File Number: 001-33494

KapStone Paper and Packaging Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

KapStone Paper and Packaging Corporation

1101 Skokie Blvd., Suite 300

Northbrook, IL 60062

(Address of Principal Executive Offices including zip code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, including area code (847) 239-8800

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and such files).

Yes x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes o  No x

There were 97,950,763 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, outstanding at October 17, 2018.

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KAPSTONE PAPER AND PACKAGING CORPORATION

Index to Form 10-Q

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PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

KAPSTONE PAPER AND PACKAGING CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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KAPSTONE PAPER AND PACKAGING CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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KAPSTONE PAPER AND PACKAGING CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(unaudited)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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KAPSTONE PAPER AND PACKAGING CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

1.                                      Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of KapStone Paper and Packaging Corporation (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” or “KapStone”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information, the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of a normal recurring nature) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as updated in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2018 (“May 8-K”).

We report our operating results in two reportable segments: Paper and Packaging and Distribution. Our Paper and Packaging segment manufactures and sells a wide variety of containerboard, corrugated products and specialty paper for industrial and consumer markets. The Distribution segment, through Victory Packaging, L.P. (“Victory”), a North American distributor of packaging materials, with more than 60 distribution centers located in the United States, Mexico and Canada, provides packaging materials and related products to a wide variety of customers.  For more information about our segments, see Note 14, Segment Information.

In these consolidated financial statements, certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.  Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-07, “Compensation — Retirement Benefits”.  As discussed in our May 8-K, this reclassification did not affect the Company’s net income, earnings per share, financial position, or cash flows.

2.                                      Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standard’s Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. The guidance in this update affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (for example, insurance contracts or lease contracts). The guidance in this update supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. Additionally, this update supersedes some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts”.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” using the modified retrospective method, which requires the recognition of the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard (if any) as an adjustment to opening retained earnings for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018.  The adoption of ASC Topic 606 did not result in the recognition of a cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings under the modified retrospective approach, nor did it have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.  The adoption of this topic did result in the addition of required disclosures within the notes to the consolidated financial statements, as disclosed in Note 3, “Revenue”.

Our implementation team consisted of senior leadership from finance, legal, sales and operations with periodic progress reporting to management and to the audit committee of our board of directors.  Implementation consisted of a review of the Company’s significant contracts and an evaluation of our systems and control environment to support additional disclosures under the new standard, as well as updates to policies and procedures.

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During our assessment, the Company considered whether the adoption would require a transition from point-in-time revenue recognition to an over-time approach for products produced by the Company without an alternative use, which would result in acceleration of revenue. The Company concluded that based on its enforceable rights included in its contracts or prevailing terms and conditions, an enforceable right of payment that includes a reasonable profit throughout the duration of the contract does not exist. Therefore, the Company will remain at a point-in-time approach and record revenue at the point control transfers to the customer.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”, which clarifies the treatment of several cash flow categories. In addition, ASU 2016-15 clarifies that when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, classification will depend on the predominant source or use. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15.  During the first quarter of 2018, the Company paid $20.7 million of contingent consideration to the former owners of Victory based on achieving certain financial performance criteria for the thirty month period following the acquisition of Victory. Accordingly, the portion of the cash payment up to the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration liability of $9.6 million was classified as a financing outflow, while the amounts paid in excess of the acquisition date fair value, or $11.1 million, was classified as an operating outflow in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

In March, 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” This ASU applies to all employers that offer to their employees defined benefit pension plans, other postretirement benefit plans, or other types of benefits accounted for under Topic 715, Compensation—Retirement Benefits. The ASU requires that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. If a separate line item or items are used to present the other components of net benefit cost, that line item or items must be appropriately described. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. The ASU also allows only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable (e.g., as a cost of internally manufactured inventory or a self-constructed asset). Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07 applying the allowable practical expedient by using the amounts disclosed in the pension and other postretirement benefit plan footnote for the prior comparative periods as the estimation basis for applying the retrospective presentation requirements to the period presented.  This resulted in a $1.6 million and $4.7 million reclassification between cost of sales, excluding depreciation and amortization, and pension and postretirement income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.  This reclassification did not affect the Company’s net income, earnings per share, financial position, or cash flows.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases”. This guidance revises existing practice related to accounting for leases under ASC Topic 840 Leases for both lessees and lessors. The new guidance in ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The lease liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments and the right-of-use asset will be based on the lease liability, subject to adjustment such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, the new standard retains a dual model similar to ASC 840, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. For lessees, operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current accounting by lessees for operating leases under ASC 840), while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current accounting by lessees for capital leases under ASC 840).

While the new standard maintains similar accounting for lessors as under ASC 840, it reflects updates to, among other things, align with certain changes to the lessee model. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities.

The Company has a significant number of leases for both property and equipment. As such, the Company expects that there will be a material impact on our financial position and disclosures upon the adoption of ASU 2016-02. Our implementation team, consisting of senior leadership from finance, legal, IT and operations, reports its progress to management and to the audit committee of our board of directors on a

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periodic basis. We have completed the process of abstracting data from known leases and have completed our procedures to validate and test the completeness and accuracy of this data.  We have also completed our evaluation of a stratified discount rate model and have begun implementing new and/or updated systems necessary to support additional disclosures under the new standard.  The Company will provide additional disclosure as the implementation progresses.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This standard replaces the incurred loss methodology previously employed to measure credit losses for most financial assets and requires the use of a forward-looking expected loss model. Current accounting delays the recognition of credit losses until it is probable a loss has been incurred, while the update will require financial assets to be measured at amortized costs less a reserve and equal to the net amount expected to be collected. This standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that reporting period, and early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment”, which amends the guidance in ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other”. The ASU eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The ASU is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The ASU will be applied prospectively. The Company currently does not expect that the adoption of these provisions will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but will simplify the measurement of any impairment loss should goodwill be impaired in the future.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02). Under existing GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendments in this ASU also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption in any period is permitted. The Company’s provisional adjustments recorded in 2017 to account for the impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act resulted in stranded tax effects. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adopting ASU 2018-02.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, which eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. The new guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted.  The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements.

3.                                      Revenue

Adoption of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018.  The adoption of ASC Topic 606 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

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The table below disaggregates our external revenue by major source (in thousands).  For additional revenue detail relating to key Paper and Packaging product lines, see Note 14, Segment Information.

Paper and Packaging Revenue

Paper and Packaging includes containerboard, corrugated products and specialty paper products manufactured at our facilities located in the United States.  Sales to customers are initiated through a purchase order and are governed by our standard terms and conditions, written agreements or both.  Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our products.  Transfer of control occurs at a specific point-in-time.  Based on the enforceable rights included in our contracts or prevailing terms and conditions, products produced by the Company without an alternative use are not protected by an enforceable right of payment that includes a reasonable profit throughout the duration of the contract.  Sales with terms f.o.b. (free on board) shipping point are recognized at the time of shipment.  For sales transactions with terms f.o.b. destination, revenue is recorded when the product is delivered to the customer’s site.  Consignment sales are recognized in revenue at the earlier of the period that the goods are consumed or after a period of time subsequent to receipt by the customer as specified by contract terms, provided control of the promised goods or services has transferred.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services.  Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.  Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense.  Certain customers may receive cash-based incentives (rebates or credits), which are accounted for as variable consideration.  We estimate these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduce revenues recognized.  For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, paper and packaging customer incentives totaled $6.1 million and $6.2 million, respectively.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, paper and packaging customer incentives totaled $16.4 million and $19.7 million, respectively.  As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, a reserve for estimated unpaid rebates of $5.7 million and $6.0 million, respectively, is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Upfront consideration paid to a customer associated with the execution of a master agreement (“prebate”) is capitalized and amortized as a reduction in transaction prices over the expected sales impacted by the agreement.  As of September 30, 2018, unamortized prebates totaled $0.7 million.  If we determined our obligations under a warranty claim are probable and subject to reasonable determination, an estimation of our liability is recorded as an offset against revenue at that time.  As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, reserves for warranty claims were not material. The adoption of ASC Topic 606 did not have a significant impact on our estimates for variable consideration.

Freight charged to customers is recognized in net sales.

Distribution Revenue

Our distribution operations distribute corrugated packaging materials and other specialty packaging products to customers in the United States, Canada and Mexico.  Sales to customers are initiated through a purchase order and are governed by standard terms and conditions, written agreements or both.

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our products at a specific point-in-time.  While the distribution business makes wide use of stocking arrangements with customers to ensure consistent on-time

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delivery, based on the enforceable rights included in our contracts or prevailing terms and conditions, products without an alternative use are not protected by an enforceable right of payment that includes a reasonable profit throughout the duration of the contract.  As such, revenue is recorded when the product is delivered to the customer’s site.  If goods are not purchased by a customer after a period of time specified by the contract terms, customers may be billed and goods are shipped.  Certain customers may request that Victory hold the goods after billing for an additional period specified in the contract terms. In such circumstances, the Company recognizes revenue as control of the goods transfers to the customer.  Consignment sales are recognized in revenue at the earlier of the period that the goods are consumed or after a period of time subsequent to receipt by the customer as specified by contract terms, provided control of the promised goods or services has transferred.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services.  Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.  Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense.  Certain customers may receive cash-based incentives (rebates or credits), which are accounted for as variable consideration.  We estimate these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduce revenues recognized.  For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, distribution customer incentives totaled $2.3 million and $2.7 million, respectively.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, distribution customer incentives totaled $7.2 million and $8.0 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, a reserve for estimated unpaid rebates of $3.4 million and $2.8 million, respectively, is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Upfront consideration paid to a customer associated with the execution of a master agreement (“prebate”) is capitalized and amortized as a reduction in transaction prices over the expected sales impacted by the agreement.  As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, unamortized prebates totaled $3.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.  If we determined our obligations under a warranty claim are probable and subject to reasonable determination, an estimation of our liability is recorded as an offset against revenue at that time.  As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, reserves for warranty claims were not material. The adoption of ASC Topic 606 did not have a significant impact on our estimates for variable consideration.

Freight charged to customers is recognized in net sales.

Other Revenue

Lumber — The Company generates revenue from the sale of lumber produced at its Summerville, South Carolina lumber mill.  Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our lumber products upon delivery to the customer.  Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services.  Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.  Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense.

Power — The Company generates revenue from power generation at its North Charleston and Longview Mills.  Power revenue at the North Charleston mill is recognized from the sale of shaft horsepower generated by a cogeneration facility.  The supply of shaft horsepower is recognized as revenue over-time as energy is produced and delivered (output measure).  Power revenue at the Longview mill is recognized from the sale of electricity and is recognized over time as electricity is generated and is delivered to the customer.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expense.

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

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4.                                      Merger

On January 28, 2018, KapStone, WestRock Company (“WestRock”), Whiskey Holdco, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of WestRock (“Holdco”), Kola Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdco (“KapStone Merger Sub”), and Whiskey Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdco (“WestRock Merger Sub”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, and subject to the terms and conditions thereof, WestRock will acquire all of the outstanding shares of KapStone through a transaction in which: (i) WestRock Merger Sub will merge with and into WestRock, with WestRock surviving such merger (the “WestRock Merger”) as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdco and (ii) KapStone Merger Sub will merge with and into KapStone, with KapStone surviving such merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdco (the “Merger”).

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the WestRock Merger and the Merger (the “Effective Time”): (i) each share of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of KapStone (the “KapStone Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (excluding any shares of KapStone Common Stock that are held (a) in treasury or (b) by any KapStone stockholder who is entitled to exercise, and properly exercises, appraisal rights with respect to such shares of KapStone Common Stock) will be converted into the right to receive, at the election of the stockholder (subject to proration as described below): (a) $35.00 in cash, without interest (the “Cash Consideration”), or (b) 0.4981 shares of common stock (the “Holdco Common Stock”), par value $0.01 per share, of Holdco (the “Stock Consideration” and, together with the Cash Consideration, the “Merger Consideration”); and (ii) each share of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of WestRock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be converted into one share of Holdco Common Stock.

KapStone stockholders were entitled to make an election to receive the Stock Consideration by submitting an election form by the previously announced election deadline on September 5, 2018. Any KapStone stockholder that did not make an election to receive the Stock Consideration will receive the Cash Consideration.

The completion of the Merger is subject to customary conditions, including, without limitation the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended.  As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the parties have received all antitrust clearances that are a condition to the Merger other than Hart-Scott-Rodino clearance. The parties are targeting completing the Merger by the end of the calendar year 2018, subject to satisfaction or waiver of the closing conditions in the Merger Agreement.  It is possible that factors outside the control of KapStone or WestRock could result in the Merger being completed at a later time or not at all.

To assist the Company in its sale process, the Company retained two financial advisors to advise the board of directors and executive management and to render customary “fairness opinions” to the Company and the board of directors regarding the Merger Consideration to be paid upon consummation of the Merger.  As of September 30, 2018, the financial advisors had been paid $10.2 million in the aggregate for their services (paid in the first quarter of 2018).  Upon consummation of the Merger, the Company is obligated to pay the two firms an additional $34.1 million in the aggregate.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred $4.6 million and $20.5 million, respectively, of Merger-related expenses in total.

In connection with the Merger, KapStone has entered into retention agreements or change in control severance agreements (“Severance Agreements”) with certain employees, and intends to enter into success bonus agreements with certain employees.  Payment under any such agreement is or will be contingent upon the consummation of the Merger.  KapStone has entered into Severance Agreements with each of our non-director executive officers, each providing for severance payments in an amount equal to a fixed amount not to exceed two times the sum of such executive officer’s annual base salary plus target bonus, as well as certain continuing health insurance benefits. The success bonus agreements have not been made final and remain subject to KapStone’s discretion (subject to a $3.0 million limitation on aggregate success bonus payments for all KapStone employees pursuant to the Merger Agreement).

5.                                      Plant Closure

On August 1, 2017, the Company approved and announced the closing of its Paper and Packaging segment box plant located in Oakland, California.  All operating activities ceased at this location in October 2017.  For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded additional charges of $0.9 million for

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impaired property, plant and equipment, $0.6 million of other costs and $0.3 million for the dismantling of equipment, related to this plant closing.  No additional costs were incurred during the second quarter of 2018.

On February 1, 2018, the Company sold the land and building in Oakland, California for $14.7 million after fees, taxes and commissions and recorded a gain of $7.5 million.

6.                                      Planned Maintenance Outages

Planned maintenance outage costs for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 totaled $9.2 million and $13.0 million, respectively, and are included in cost of sales.  The $3.8 million decrease in 2018 is primarily due to the deferral of two projects into the fourth quarter of 2018, partially offset by the Longview, Washington’s cold mill outage. The cold mill outage lasted 4 days with a cost of $7.5 million and a lost paper production of approximately 13,000 tons.

Planned maintenance outage costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 totaled $45.0 million and $36.8 million, respectively, and are included in cost of sales.  The $8.2 million increase in planned maintenance outage costs in 2018 is primarily due to a boiler upgrade at the North Charleston, South Carolina paper mill with a cost of $16.0 million and lost paper production of approximately 30,000 tons, partially offset by timing of other projects.

7.                                      Inventories

Inventories consist of the following at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively:

8.                                      Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt

Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had no amounts outstanding under its $500 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”), and had borrowing availability of $484.4 million.

In September 2018, the Company made a voluntary prepayment on its term loans under the Credit Facility of $75 million and, as a result, $0.5 million of unamortized debt issuance costs were written-off as a loss on debt extinguishment.

Other Borrowing

In January 2018, the Company entered into a short-term financing agreement of $6.8 million at an annual interest rate of 2.9 percent for its annual property insurance premiums.  The agreement requires the Company to make three payments through the term of the financing agreement ending on December 31, 2018.  As of September 30, 2018, there was $2.3 million outstanding under the current agreement.

Receivables Credit Facility

Effective as of June 1, 2018, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Receivables Purchase Agreement (the “Amendment”) amending its Receivables Purchase Agreement dated as of September 26, 2014 (as amended from time to time, the “Receivables Purchase Agreement”), which is part of our trade accounts receivable securitization program (the “Securitization Program”) of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries.

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The Amendment extended the “Facility Termination Date” (as defined in the Receivables Purchase Agreement) from June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019.

Under our Securitization Program, the Company and its subsidiaries that participate in the Securitization Program (the “Originators”) sell, on an ongoing basis without recourse, certain trade receivables to KapStone Receivables, LLC (“KAR”), which is considered a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Company has the authority to direct the activities of the VIE and, as a result, we have concluded that we maintain control of the VIE, are the primary beneficiary (as defined by accounting guidance) and, therefore, consolidate the account balances of KAR. As of September 30, 2018, $464.3 million of our trade accounts receivables were sold to KAR. KAR in turn assigns a collateral interest in these receivables to a group of financial institutions under a one-year $325 million facility (the “Receivables Credit Facility”) for proceeds of $315.0 million. The assets of KAR are not available to the Company until all obligations of KAR are satisfied in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings.

The Company included the Receivables Credit Facility in Long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on management’s intent to continue to refinance outstanding amounts under the Securitization Program until the maturity of the Term loan A-l which is June 1, 2020. Term loan A-1 and Term loan A-2 (with $611.9 million and $392.0 million outstanding as of September 30, 2018, respectively), together with the Revolver, comprise our credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) under our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”). The Company also has the ability to refinance the short-term obligations under the Receivables Credit Facility on a long-term basis using its Revolver. Provided the Company complies with its covenants under the Credit Agreement, there are no additional requirements as to when borrowings under the Revolver would need to be repaid other than the maturity date of June 1, 2020.

Debt Covenants

Our Credit Agreement governing our Credit Facility contains, among other provisions, covenants with which we must comply. The covenants limit our ability to, among other things, incur indebtedness, create additional liens on our assets, make investments, engage in mergers and acquisitions and sell any assets outside the normal course of business.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants in the Credit Agreement.

Fair Value of Debt

As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of the Company’s debt approximates the carrying value of $1.3 billion as the variable interest rates re-price frequently at current market rates. Our weighted-average cost of borrowings was 3.6 percent and 3.0 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

9.                                      Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 23.4 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively, compared to 33.3 percent and 34.4 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.  The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, is lower due to the 21 percent federal statutory tax rate beginning in 2018 instituted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”).

The Act, among other things, reduced the US federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent and requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferred. The Act also created new taxes starting in 2018 on certain foreign sourced earnings. The Company applied the guidance in SAB 118 and at December 31, 2017 recorded provisional estimates to re-measure our deferred taxes using the new 21 percent rate ($144.7 million tax benefit) and to record an estimated transition tax ($0.3 million expense).

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we have not recorded any measurement period adjustments to the provisional estimates recorded at December 31, 2017. Final accounting for these impacts is expected in the fourth quarter of 2018, subsequent to the Company’s completion of 2017 tax returns.

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Cash taxes, net of tax refunds, paid in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $19.7 million and $74.7 million, respectively, compared to $12.8 million and $40.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities. The Company’s open federal tax years are 2015 and 2016. The Company has open tax years for state and foreign income tax filings generally starting in 2014.

10.                               Net Income per Share

The Company’s basic and diluted net income per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is calculated as follows:

There were no anti-dilutive weighted average unexercised stock options outstanding for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018.

A total of 1,604,202 and 1,620,967 weighted average unexercised stock options were outstanding for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because the awards were anti-dilutive.

11.                               Pension Plan and Post-Retirement Benefits

Defined Benefit Plans

Net pension benefit recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 for the Company’s defined benefit plan (the “Pension Plan”) is as follows:

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07.  The ASU requires that the service cost component be reported in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of

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income from operations.  As a result, $0.8 million and $2.3 million of service cost is included in cost of sales, excluding depreciation and amortization, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.  $(2.8) million and $(8.5) million was recorded as pension and postretirement income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.  In addition, $(0.3) million and $(0.9) million was recorded as pension and postretirement income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to the Company’s other postretirement benefits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The adoption of this ASU retrospectively, utilizing the allowable practical expedient, resulted in a $(1.6) million and $(4.7) million reclassification between cost of sales, excluding depreciation and amortization, and pension income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The Company currently does not anticipate making any Pension Plan contributions in 2018. This estimate is based on current tax laws, plan asset performance, and liability assumptions, which are subject to change.

The Company provides postretirement health care insurance benefits through an indemnity plan for certain salary and non-salary employees of its Longview Fibre Paper and Packaging, Inc. (“Longview”) subsidiary and their dependents.  The Company makes contributions to its postretirement plan as claims are submitted.

Defined Contribution Plan

The Company offers 401(k) Defined Contribution Plans (“Contribution Plans”) to eligible employees.  The Company’s monthly contributions are based on the matching of certain employee contributions or based on a union negotiated formula. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized expense of $6.7 million and $6.4 million, respectively, for matching contributions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized expense of $21.2 million and $18.6 million, respectively, for matching contributions.

12.                               Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based awards in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation — Stock Compensation,” which requires that the cost resulting from all share-based payment transactions be recognized as compensation cost over the vesting period based on the fair value of the instrument on the date of grant.

Total stock-based compensation expense related to the stock option and restricted stock unit grants for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

Total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the stock options and restricted stock units as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:

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As of September 30, 2018, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options and restricted stock units is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years and 2.1 years, respectively.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock options amounts and activity:

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaled $1.8 million and $8.9 million, respectively.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaled $0.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units for executive officers and certain employees are restricted as to transferability until they vest, generally three years from the grant date or upon a grantee of such restricted stock units attaining the age 65 and retiring from service with the Company. Restricted stock units granted to directors during 2017 and thereafter generally vest one year from the grant date or upon a grantee of such restricted stock units attaining the age of 65 and retiring from service with the Company.  Restricted stock units granted to directors prior to 2017 generally vest three years from the grant date.  These restricted stock units are subject to forfeiture should applicable employees terminate their employment with the Company for certain reasons prior to vesting in their awards, or the occurrence of certain other events. The value of these restricted stock units is based on the average market price of our common stock on the date of grant and compensation expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the awards’ vesting periods.

In accordance with the Merger Agreement, employees whose employment is terminated without “cause” or who resign their employment for “good reason” after consummation of the Merger will have their unvested options and RSUs (other than their 2018 annual equity grants) immediately vest in full as of the date of such termination or resignation. With respect to KapStone’s 2018 annual equity grants (which consisted entirely of RSUs), two-thirds of each award would automatically vest upon termination of the award holder’s employment without “cause” or resignation for “good reason” after consummation of the Merger, and the remainder would be forfeited upon any termination of employment prior to the normal vesting date. These automatic vesting provisions will apply indefinitely after consummation of the Merger and are not subject to a limited duration protection period. The 2018 grants also include the retirement-related vesting provisions included in past KapStone grants.

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The following table summarizes unvested restricted stock units amounts and activity:

13.                               Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Claims

The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time subject to various administrative and legal investigations, claims and proceedings incidental to our business, including environmental and occupational, health and safety matters, labor and employment matters, personal injury and property damage claims, contractual, commercial and other disputes and taxes. We establish reserves for investigations, claims and proceedings when it is probable that liabilities exist and we can reasonably estimate the amount of such liabilities (including any losses, costs and expenses). We also maintain insurance that may limit our financial exposure for defense costs, as well as liability, if any, for claims covered by the insurance (subject also to deductibles and self-insurance amounts). Any investigation, claim or proceeding has an element of uncertainty, and we cannot predict or assure the outcome of any investigation, claim or proceeding involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries, particularly those described below that cannot be assessed due to their preliminary nature. It is possible that any of the investigations, claims and proceedings against the Company or its subsidiaries, including those described below, could be decided unfavorably against the Company or any of its subsidiaries involved in such matters and could also result in losses, costs or expenses in excess of any reserve we have established. Accordingly, it is possible that an adverse outcome from any investigation, claim or proceeding (including associated penalties, costs and expenses) could exceed any reserve we may have accrued in an amount that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

The Company’s Longview subsidiary is a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) with respect to the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site in the State of Washington (the “Site”). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) asserts that the Site is contaminated as a result of discharges from various businesses and government entities located along the Lower Duwamish Waterway, including a corrugated converting plant owned and operated by Longview. In November 2014, the EPA issued a Record of Decision (“ROD”) for the Site. The ROD includes a selected remedy for the Site. In the ROD, EPA states that the total estimated net present value costs (discounted at 2.3 percent) for the selected remedy are $342 million, although many uncertainties remain that could result in increased remedial costs. This estimate does not include actual costs already incurred to date for remedial investigation and feasibility studies or potential natural resource damage claims by parties allegedly affected by the contamination at the Site. The Company has received notice from the Elliot Bay Trustee Council regarding the Company’s potential liability for natural resource damages arising from the Site. Neither the Company nor Longview has received a specific monetary demand regarding its potential liability for the Site. In addition, Longview is a participant with approximately 45 other potentially responsible parties in a non-judicial allocation process with respect to the Site. Pursuant to the non-judicial allocation process, Longview and other participating parties will seek to allocate certain costs, including but not limited to the costs necessary to perform the work under the ROD. The non-judicial allocation process is not scheduled to be completed until 2020. Based upon the information available to the Company at this time, the Company cannot reasonably estimate its potential liability for this Site, including any liability for the current or any future third-party claims associated with the Site.

In January 2017, the Company received a letter from the state of Washington Department of Ecology (“WDOE”) contending that the Company is, along with several other companies, responsible for investigation and cleanup of an allegedly contaminated site where the named companies, including Longview, may store or have stored petroleum products. The letter concerns the possible release of petroleum products into the

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environment. In 1998, Longview (before it was acquired by the Company) and certain other companies who owned or operated underground storage tanks and pipes entered into an agreement for investigating and remediating the area independently of (but in consultation with) the WDOE. Upon expiration of the 1998 agreement, groundwater monitoring continued. In June 2017, the WDOE further notified the Company that WDOE determined Longview is a potentially liable party related to the release or threatened release of petroleum at the site. The Company has responded to the notices and has been engaged in discussions with the WDOE and other potentially liable parties. Based upon the information available to the Company at this time, the Company cannot reasonably estimate its potential liability for this matter.

There have been no material changes in any of our legal proceedings for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

14.                               Segment Information

Paper and Packaging:  This segment manufactures and sells a wide variety of container board, corrugated products and specialty paper for industrial and consumer markets.

Distribution: Through Victory, a North American distributor of packaging materials, with more than 60 distribution centers located in the United States, Mexico and Canada, the Company provides packaging materials and related products to a wide variety of customers.

Each segment’s profits and losses are measured on operating profits before income from equity method investments, foreign exchange gain / (loss), loss on debt extinguishment, net interest expense and income taxes.

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